IIAS Newsletter 6 by International Institute for Asian Studies

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General News

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RESEARCH

Radio N eth erlan d s, the Dutch international service, aims to serve Dutch-speakers living abroad, to provide non-Dutch speakers with a realistic image of the Netherlands, and to provide unbiased information to countries where the media are less developed.The transmissions targeted to Asia have programmes in three languages.

PROJECTS

ERENCE

Asian Culture

South Asia Along the coastline of India one is still able to find remnants of the 200year long presence of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).These histori cal VOC-sites have one thing in com mon: they are neglected and their condition is deteriorating rapidly. Hans van Santen pleads for an effort to save these m o n u m e n ts of decay and neglect.

ERENCE

Insular Southwest Asia

This year sees the completion of the fiftieth volume of the prestigious M onum enta N ipponica, published by Sophia University in Tokyo. Derek Massarella interviewed its current editor, Dr Michael Cooper.

Page 30 ►32

Roy Jordaan visited Central Java in order to ascertain the present state of the reconstruction of the Candi Prambanan. While studying the foundation of the Nandi temple, several interesting matters came to light. He elaborates on his findings in his article P ram b an an 1995: a hypothesis confirm ed.

HAS News

Page 3 >12

Internet

Irene Moilanen explains the lack of sufficient access to information for students and researchers with an interest in Asian Studies at the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. Now, they have formed an Asia Studies Group in an attempt to improve the situation. A closer look at Asian S tudies in th e C e n tre of Finland.

Page 13 ►19

East Asia: japan and Korea

Another volume has been added to the MAS Working paper series.The proceedings of the international congress on Madagascar which was held in March 1994, have been col lected in this volume under the title: C u ltu res of M adagascar: Ebb and Flow of Influences.

Pa^e 49 > 53

ESF Asia Committee This section is reserved for news from th e E uropean Science F oundation Asia C o m m itte e . Workshops that are to be funded by this Committee are described here.

Annelies de Deugd tells the latest about the MAS World Wide Web site. http://iias.leidenuniv.nl

Page 10 > 11

In the A rt A genda, forthcoming exhibitions and performances on Asian art are announced.

Page 54 >- 63

Page 64 >-74

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What's New!

T he V ictoria and A lb e rt M useum in London was founded using the proceeds of the Great Exhibition of 1851. From the beginning Chinese and Japanese object played a part in the museum’s collecting policy. Today, it owns a priceless collection of East Asian art.

4Ml H

Page 24 >►19

Southeast Asia

Professor Jurgis Elisonas will be in charge of the MAS M asterclass, which is scheduled for the end of May, 1996.The topic of the master class is Japan in th e S ix teen th and S ev en teen th C entu ries.

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Central Asia Recently, during the Fifth European Seminar on Central Asian Studies, the E uropean Society fo r C en tral Asian S tu d ies [ESCAS] was formally established.Ten years after the first meeting, the ESCAS was transformed from a Seminar into an official Society.

Page 20 ►23

East Asia: China Like other people, the Chinese have tried to provide explanations for phenomena that they believed were Heaven’s messages to man.Tiziana Lippiello explores the meaning and role of auspicious o m en s and m iracles in an cien t China.

Page 43 >■48

Ri j k s m m s 1e r d * Us“n t a Klus' A^ t e r J

EDITORIAL

Editorial By P a u l v a n d e r V e l d e Edit or-i n-chief

During the recent meeting of the World Eco nomic Forum in Singapore it became clear that the economic ties between Asia and Europe are growing stronger day by day. As a proof of mounting European interest two top EU-commissioners, Sir Leon Brittan and Manuel Marin attended the meeting. The Asia strategy of the EU is geared towards the intensification of the ties between Europe and Asia. Therefore, next year will see the first Asia-Europe meeting between heads of state in Thailand. In preparation for this meeting an EU-Asia Cultural Forum will take place in Venice from 17-19 January 1996. The Forum can be viewed as a consultative hearing between highly qualified resource persons from Asia and Europe with a deep seated interest in Asia, involving 30 scholars, 20 persons represent ing public institutions, and 20 captains of indus try. Five themes will be discussed: the unity and diversity of Asia; Asian and European value systems; Asian religions in relation to progress; modes of problem-solving and decision-making; exchange of science and technology. The back ground documents are being prepared by five re search centres identified by the European Com mission on the basis of expertise and networking capacity. The HAS will provide the background study on religion. The forum is expected to gen erate recommendations for future EU-Asian cul tural and economic relationships. ESF Asia Committee During the meeting of the ESF Asia Committee in Leiden (1-2 September) six new fellowships within the European scheme were awarded. Several new workshops were also selected. On the ESF Asia Committee pages you will find more in

formation about these matters and reports of previous workshops. At the meeting the IIAS Guide to Asian Studies in the Netherlands 95 (GASE) was presented which will act as an example for the European Guide to Asian Studies . This guide will be based on the European Database for Asian Studies in Europe (EDAS) which has been set up by the HAS. GASE gives a clear picture of the geographical and disciplinary background of the more than 800 Asianists in the Netherlands. Asianists are de fined as people professionally engaged in Asian Studies. GASE makes clear that the region most studied in the Netherlands is Southeast Asia, an outcome which did not come as any real surprise. What was a surprise is that this region is closely followed by South Asia. In third place is East Asia and in fourth place Central Asia. As to the disci plinary background of the researchers it became clear that history, anthropology, and develop ment studies are most popular among Asianists in the Netherlands. The gathering of this kind of information is completely in line with one of the recommenda tions of the Committee on the Future of the Hu manities expressed in its report Cinnamon is W eighed by the Dram (2995), relating to the setting up of information systems which will provide data of relevance to the social assessment of trends in the Humanities. ‘It is desirous to have knowledge of the developments in the human ities in the years to come then relevant data, geared towards national policy, must be made available' (p. 21). Bearing in mind the Dutch over-representation (800) in our present count of European Asianists (2500) it would seem that Southeast Asia and East Asia are the areas most studied regionally spoken. IIAS On 21 December of this year the Dutch Minis ter of Foreign Affairs, H.A.F.M.O. van Mierlo, will deliver a speech at the IIAS Ambassadors’ lunch. At the gathering of Ambassadors from Asian Countries accredited in the Netherlands, captains of industry, and editors-in-chief of prominent

PAGE newspapers and periodicals will be present. Van Mierlo will discuss Dutch foreign policy towards Asia and the role researchers and research can play in it. In the report Herijking Buitenlands Beleid (2995) [Evaluation of Foreign Policy) it would seem that Dutch foreign policy in the main mir rors the newly developed EU strategy. In it scien tific cooperation and international research pro jects can become a bridge-head for increased cul tural and economic cooperation. One specific characteristic of the Netherlands, namely the socalled stepping stone function it can assume for the rest of Europe is singled out. In a similar vein the HAS functions as a spring-board for Asian Studies in Europe which it tries to foster by the signing ofMoUs with research institutes in Eu rope and Asia. These entail the exhange of schol ars and information and the organization ofjoint seminars. In September an MoU was concluded between the Vietnam National University in Hanoi and the HAS. In collaboration with the In stitute of Oriental Studies in Russia a seminar on Islam will be held in October and in cooperation with the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) an international conference ‘Democracy in Asia?’ at the end of October. These activities are com pletely in line with the policy outlined in the Hoger Onderwijs en Onderzoek Plan 1996 (2995) (Higher Education and Research Plan 1996) of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Sci ence, for international reserach institutes such as the HAS. Below you will find a letter to the editor from the French Asianist J-P. Drège, who has recently become member of the ESF Asia Committee, in which he gives a reaction to an article by S. Withfield on Dunhuang Studies in the sup plement to IIASN 4. Drège’s letter makes it abundantly clear that the European research traditions need to become aware of each others’ efforts. On page 44 you will find an article on the Dunhuang Studies tradition in France. This is a very pertinent example of the way in which the IIASN hopes to function as a forum for Asia nists. ^

International

letter to the editor

Institute Dear Sir,

for Asian

Whitfield in the HAS After reading the internatronal Dunhuang ProNewsletter 4 ' SuPplem ; n> ! would like to make the folject: An Initiative in Cooperation,! .

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, manuscripts ofDunhuang, The French research team h ^ ^ de Recherche sur founded in r973 and rccendy ha g ^ de dune, les Manuscnts, Inscriptions et D c

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The HAS is a post-doctoral institute jointly established by: the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VUA) the University of Amsterdam (UvA) Leiden University (RUL)

The main objective of the HAS is to encourage the pursuit of Asian Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, nationally as well as internationally. To achieve this end, the constituent institutes have agreed upon the following activities, which were defined in the Agreement on National Cooperation in Asian Studies signed by all parties in 1993: 1. to set up and execute a post-doctoral programme for Dutch and foreign researchers; 2. to organize international scientific gatherings; 3. to act as a national centre for Asian Studies in order to improve international cooperation in the European context; 4. to develop other activities in the field of Asian Studies, such as the publication of a newsletter and the establishment of a database, which should contain up-to-date information on current research in the field of Asian Studies.

DREOE

1 « in i

2 • IIAS NEWSLETTER TSl?

• Autumn

1995

s t > t u t e f o r Ast »”

IIAS N E W S L E T T E R

Autumn 1995 76 pages Editorial of fi ce Nonnensteeg 1-3, Leiden Mailing address: IIAS N ew sletter P.O. Box 9 5 15. 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands Tel.:+31-71-527 22 27 Fax.: +31-71-527 41 62 E-Mail: IIAS@RULLET.LeidenUniv.NL W W W : http//iias.leidenuniv.nl

Editorial S t a f f Editor-in-Chief Paul van der Velde Assistant editor Use Lasschuijt South Asia editor N etty Bonouvrié Southeast Asia editor Dick van der Meij East Asia editor (China) Stefan Landsberger East Asia editor (japan & Korea) Paul Wijsman Insular Southwest Asia editor Sandra Evers Central Asia editor Ingrid Nooijens Asian culture editor Fernand Pahud Editor United States Carol M. Hansen Editor CIS Leonid Kulikov English editor Rosemary Robson

Contributors M.S. Asimov: Jackie Assayag; Sonia Beaton;Wouter van Beek: Catherine Bell; Carla Bianpoen; Adriana Boscaro; Ardi Bouwers; Jan Brouwer; Jan van Bremen;John Campbell;William Clarence-Smith;Annelies de Deugd; Leo Douw; Jean-Pierre Drège; George van Driem; Jurgis Elisonas; Gabry M. Fooien; Ulrike Freitag; Maya S. Gal; John Guy; Michel Hockx;Wilt L. Idema; Catherine Jami;Jan Jansen; Huub de jonge; Roy E. Jordaan; Rose Kerr; Marijke Klokke; Victoria Koroteyeva; Bilson Kurus;Ton van de Langkruis; Mark Liechty;Tiziano Lippiello; Ekatarina Makarova; Derek Massarella; Herman J. Moeshart; A.G. Menon; Shoma Munshi; Irene Moilanen; Peter Post; Florentino Radao; Ellen Raven; Els Reynders; Michael Roberts; Dietmar Rothermund;Santi Rozario; Hans W. van Santen; Siswa Santoso; Ilya S. Smirnov; David Smyth; Miriam van Staden; RenéTeygeler; Deborah Tooker; Ageeth van der Veen; P.C.Verhagen; Jan Voskuil;Yeu-Farn Wang; Edwin Wieringa; Pierre-Etienne Will; Kitty Yang-de Witte; Zhang Yong.

List o f A d v e r t i s e r s Asian Rare Books Ip. I 7); E.J. Brill publishers (p.41); East-West Center (p.18J; IDC Leiden (p.53); The Old Bookroom (p.14); Oxford University Press fp.44): Rainbow Trading Company (p.49). Design: De K reeft,Amsterdam Printing: Dijkman, Amsterdam ISSN: 0929-8738 Circulation: 13,000

C o m i n g I s s ue Deadline: D ecember 15, 1995 Released: February I, 1996 The responsibility for facts and opinions ex pressed in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or its supporters. The IIAS Newsletter (IIASN) is published by IIAS and is available free of charge A folder in which you can keep your IIAS Newsletter is available upon request from IIAS.

I I AS N E W S 31 AUGUST - I SEPTEMBER, 1995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS IIAS SYMPOSIUM

C om parative Studies in East and Southeast Asia

on J u d i c i a l

The symposium on ‘Comparative Studies on Judicial Review in East and Southeast Asia’, which was sponsored by the International Insti tute for Asian Studies, was held on 31 August and 1 September. Dur ing the symposium, eleven specialists in the field of public law or comparative law presented papers on judicial review in Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain and on the ombudsman system in the Netherlands. The contributions focused on theoretical and practical problems injudicial review of administrative actions in each country. Comparisons were made from various points of view, such as the process ofjudicial review between developing and developed countries; a comparison among developed countries; between former colonized countries and countries which remained independent in East and Southeast Asia; between common law countries and continental law countries; and between countries which adopt the principle of separation of powers and countries which adopt concentration of powers. By Y. Zhang

RENCE

rr-ihe sym-

X posium was attended by about 30 people who ensured that during the two days a lively discussion was ensued. (See the list of collaborators and other participants at the end of this report.)

REPORT

Judicial review in developing countries Governmental structure greatly determines the form of the judicial review system. The governmental structure of both Indonesia and Malaysia falls under the separation of powers. This allows the basic potential for creating the rule of law, at least in form. However, once the executive, the parliament, and the supreme court are separated and are placed at the same level structu rally, the court is only granted power to review legal norms below the rank of a law in Indonesia. In Malaysia the court is not reluctant to review legal norms in practice. The fact that the supreme court is granted the power to review legal norms made by the executive in Indonesia can be appreciated by a comparison with Chinese law. Other issues concerned whether legal norms made by the executive are for implementing laws or not, and what the process and require ments for delegation of legislation are. In contrast to Chinese law, in which the executive has inherent legislative power, Malaysia follows the common law tradition, but in practice, the delegated legislative power tends to be comprehensive. This is one of the ways it diverges from following the example of West ern countries and creating its own path. However, whatever the meth od, common to these countries is that legal norms made by parlia ment or congress are in fact beyond judicial review. The system ofjudicial review of administrative actions shows some

common features in developing countries. For example, in both Indonesian and Chinese law, the subjects which the injured party can instigate a law suit are limited and the measures for ensuring the implementation of the court’s judgement are laid down. This is due to the fact that the rights of the citizen are still limited and adminis trative agencies which are unused to the tradition of being challenged by judicature tend to repudiate the court’s judgement. Moreover, the remedy in both these countries is limited mainly to annulling the administrative act, whereas in Malaysia there are several kinds of remedy available such as decelera tion, injunction, and so forth, deriv ing from the common law tradition. However, the practice seems to be different in England. With reference to the suspension of the enforce ment of the administrative act, both

budget may indicate a dilemma. It refleas the fact that even though Indonesia has followed the Dutch style judicial review system, its basic legal environment still needs to be improved. Apart from the examples of fea tures of the judicial review system, there are also some features in stat utory laws which may influence the form of the judicial review system. For example, with reference to pub lic expropriation of land, both in Indonesia and in China, the party

T h e fu nction o fju d ic ia l R ev iew depends upon the f o r m o f governm ent Chinese and Indonesian law reject in principle the suspension of the administrative act. However, in the case o f China, some administrative actions, such as administrative detention and correaive work are only regarded as sanctions but do not directly concern public interests. These administrative aaions also fall within the scope of the lack of suspension of the administrative act. The shortage of finance for courts is also a common problem in devel oping countries, because the budget for administrative courts or, in the case of China, of ordinary courts, is not independent. In China even the position of the judge is not guaran teed, whereas in Indonesia, Law no 5 of 1986 lays down provisions for ensuring the judges’s position. However, a situation which guaran tees the judge's position but does not give the court an independent

Photo:Wim Vreeburg

From left to ri^ht: Dr Z hang, Prof. Fuke, Pro/ K obayakawa.

whose land is expropriated has to obey the decision made by the gov ernment without the consensus of the interested party. The dispute over the amount of compensation is resolved through judicial review. This feature reflects the fact that in these developing countries, the speed of implementation of govern ment projeas has priority over pro tecting citizen’s rights and interests, although Indonesia has the system of private property whereas in China land is owned by the state or the public. Another feature of statutory law is that, in China administrative punishments and compulsory meas ures fall within the sphere of the , administrative a a and the form of remedy for such actions is adminis trative litigation after the fact, whereas in Indonesia, administra tive decisions made in accordance with the Penal Code or on the Code of Criminal Procedure and other leg

islation in the field of penal law is subject to jurisdiction by the gener al courts. In limiting this point, Indonesian law, which is influenced by the Dutch law shows one indica tion of modernized administrative law compared to the situation still pertaining under Chinese law. In short, all these features both in the judicial review system and in statutory laws in Indonesia, Malay sia, and China respectively, indicate that the executive tends to be grant ed strong powers and the procedural law ofjudicial review is weighted in favour of the administration or the jurisprudence ofjudicial review tends to be in the favour of the administration. A strong executive is essential for modernizing or devel oping their economy. This results in citizens’ rights being sacrificed or not being given sufficient guarantee.

Ju dicial review system in developed countries We compared mainly Japanese law to other Western countries. Separa tion of state powers, rule of law, democracy and human rights, and so forth, all these basic principles are accepted in Japan. However, the Japa nese judicial review system does not work very well. Although it is a com promise between continental law and common law, it is not as well devel oped as judiaal review in the real common law and continental law countries, for example, in the Eng land and Germany. In the case of England, there are five kinds of reme dy i.e. mandamus, certiorari, prohibi tion, injunction and declaration. Also in German law, apart from rescissory litigation, there is litigation for man datory injunction, litigation for per formance, and litigation for declaratoryjudgment. Whereas in Japanese

law, virtually the only available rem edy is to introduce litigation to annul the administrative act The reasons are such that, in the light of the con stitutional principle of separation of state powers, the judiciary should exert a passive check on the executive but should not take aaion to inter fere with it; administrative acts are delegated to achieve general public welfare so, broadly speaking, the implementation cannot be suspend ed in principle. As we discussed dur ing our symposium, England and Germany also adopted the principle of separation of state powers, but this did not become a reason to deny rem edies other than rescissory litigation. The system that administrative acts are both legally binding and self-exe cuting comes from German adminis trative jurisprudence. However, under the present German judicial review system, after a lawsuit is lodged against the administrative act under question, the self-executing effect is automatically suspended. The provisional remedy is based on the idea that the fundamental rights of citizens have to be respected and proteaed as much as possible. Whereas in Japanese law, the tradi tional theories still dominate both in administrative jurisprudence and judicial practice. Apart from the limited forms of remedy available, the difficulty of the burden of proof on the part of the plaintiff, the long time for get ting a final judgement and the high costs of instituting and continuing the case, and the like, are also nega tive sides of Japanese law. In addition to the elements mentioned above, the daily method of administration To be continued on page 4 / P

Autumn 1995 •

iia s n e w s l e t t e r

Tsl?6 • 3

IIAS N E WS administrative guidance - also plays a role in preventing administrative cases from being instigated as law suits, Leaving aside the am ount of administrative cases in comparison to Germany, the average am ount of Japanese administrative cases per - year is about one-nineteenth of the Dutch administrative cases brought in 1994, even though the Japanese population is about eight times that o f the Netherlands. W ithout exam ining the difference ofkinds or con tents of administrative litigation cases, the simple comparison of num ber of administrative litigation cases between different countries may lead to misunderstandings. However, in countries where admin istrative law similarly maintains the tradition of continental law such as Japan and the Netherlands, a com parison o f the am ount o f adminis trative litigation case in those coun tries is probably justified. It is an exaggeration to say that the Japanese judicial review system of administrative action and the actual function are maintained at the same level as that in the developing coun tries, but in the light of the situation in developing countries, Japanese law and practice cannot exactly be praised. Why did Japan introduce and develop all Western-style princi ples and values such as separation of state powers, rule o f law, democracy, and hum an rights and so forth, after 1946? Does it still have a praisewor thy judicial review system and what is its function? These problems were analyzed by Professor Fuke in his paper. Namely, japan had to make a choice to build a strong and wealthy nation in a short period supported by an authoritarian bureaucracy, when it faced the reality o f Asia sur rounded by the great Western pow ers in the 19th century. So it did not have a chance to develop modem individualism fully, even after the defeat in the Second World War. Con sequently, the eclectic legal culture that often undermines the rights of the citizen for the sake o f efficient and powerful state administration was formed and fostered. The Japanese former administra tive law under the Meiji Constitu tion serves an example to other Asian countries, at least to China which is already following this path. As I dis cussed in my paper, whatsoever in the process o f making laws or administrative regulations and in statutory laws themselves or in administrative litigation procedure law, you can find many similar char acteristics in the former Japanese administrative law under Meiji Con stitution, even China does not intend that this should be so.

Fundamental differences o f ju d ic ia l review between developing countries and developedcou n tries

ious levels is dependent on the gov Wales. For example, even though the ernments or municipalities at vari certiorari, mandamus, and prohibition ous levels. were introduced to Malaysia in colo In the case o f Indonesia, the nial times, these were never used at administrative court is only compe all, according to the paper presented tent to review legal norms below the by Professor Harding. As Professor level o f a law. Even if it is based on Fuke pointed out, ‘the procedure pro the Dutch law, in which laws are tection and remedies cannot stand by made by parliament whose members themselves alone without having are elected directly by the people, anything to do with what rights they then the process o f electing the repre are to protect/defend or realize. Any sentatives o f the congress and the procedure protection or remedies will function of the congress in Indonesia represent the specific rights to be I should be an issue o f d iscussion. The protected and realized at a specific function ofjudicial review depends historical phase’. decisively upon the form o f govern The conclusion is that the form of mental structure. In this connection, judicial review in developing coun however, even if a developing country tries in East and Southeast Asia adopts the form of separation ofpowshould not be negated. It has been ers, the executive still tends to be in a playing an im portant role in protect relatively supreme position. Revert ing the rights o f citizens in their spe ing to the reasons that the executive cific historical, political, and eco is in a relatively supreme position in nomic condition. The judicial review China, other than the tradition that system in developing countries will the legislature, the judicature, and be improved gradually by following the executive were not separated, this their own path. situation also gives as a reason that a Judicial review is an effective and strong executive is necessary to mod the ultim ate safeguard o f citizens ernize the economy. In this point, rights. However, the judicial review Japan led the way from the Meiji Res system has inherent defects in pro toration till 1945. One can perhaps tecting citizens’ rights. There are also even say th at the Japanese "Meiji other legal ways of remedy such as Restoration’ is now being repeated in administrative objection and the China. During the process o f mod ombudsman or the due process of ernizing a country’s economy, law which can play a role of decreas citizen’s rights are undermined for ing unlawful administrative action the sake o f efficient and powerful or activities and so forth. These state administration. This can be systems can remedy the defects of indicated in the process of enactment judicial review and should also be o f legal norms in which the executive developed in East and Southeast Asia. is vested with extremely wide, discre tionary powers not only in adminis List o f collaborators and tration but also in legislation. Due to other pa rticip an ts this, rights o f citizens may be greatly Papers given by collaborators were: limited in the process oflegislation or Professor M. Scheltema (Groningen the rights o f citizens can be violated University): Introduction to Compara before the administration has been tive Studies onjudicial Review (a lecture) put into practice, to say nothing of M. Kobayakawa (Tokyo University): the remedies in the judicial review Judicial Review injapan system being limited. T. Fuke (Nagoya University): On this point, the situation in Judicial Review o f Administrative Actions Indonesia and Malaysia is similar to in the UK andjapan - a comparative per China, although there are many big spective. differences from China, such as the Professor S. Ying (Chinese Political separation o f state powers, legal Science and Law University): China's norms below the rank of law can be Administrative Litigation Procedure Act reviewed by law courts, administra Dr Y. Zhang (IIAS)judicial Review o f tive penalties or quasi-criminal pen Administrative Actions in China and alties concerning personal freedom Japan cannot be decided by administrative Dr Y. Zhang: An Overview o f the agency, etc. In these countries, devel Sources o f Chinese Administrarive Law (a opment of the economy has priority reference paper) over the protection o f rights of citi Professor A. Weber (Institute for zens. So protecting citizen’s rights European Law):Judicial Review in Ger has to be developed This seems to be many following a historical pattern. The Professor Th. G. Drupsteen (Leiden Japanese experience before 1945 has University): Legal Protection against given us an example of this. If it is Public Authorities in the Netherlands true, then it is difficult to find rea Professor P. E. Lotulung (University sons to persuade those countries to ofPakuan Bogor- Indonesia): Judicial protect all kinds of hum an rights Review in Indonesia overnight. Professor A. Harding (London Uni In China, both the concept of versity): The Problems and Characteris rights and the actual rights of citi tics ofjudicial Review in Malaysia zens are limited. Consequently, if Dr R. Jagtenberg (Erasmus Univer there are no rights or few rights, how sity Rotterdam): The Ombudsman in can the remedies for rights be develthe Dutch Legal System | oped? From this point of view, it is Dr A. Roo (Erasmus University Rot i necessary to say that the conditions terdam): The Dutch National O mbuds i for protecting citizens’ rights cannot man and His Rotterdam Colleague

China has not adopted the princi ple o f separation o f state powers. The judicial review system has not been designed as a tool to ensure the con be improved merely by changing the stitutionality and legality o f all state procedural law ofjudicial review. rowers. The court has not been I Similarly, in the case of Indonesia and granted complete judicial power. Malaysia, even though their judicial That is to say that: firstly, the courts i review system has been based on are not competent to review legal Dutch and the English law respec norms; secondly, the courts are not tively, one cannot expect that this independent organs financially. For functions in the same way as it would example, the budget o f courts at var in the Netherlands or England and

• HAS

newsletter

N 26 • Autumn 1995

These papers will be published as a commercial book by Kluwer Law International, probably in the spring of 1996. The title of the book is Judicial Review o f Adm inistrative Actions in East and Southeast Asia comparison with Western countries.

LECTURE

Karo W om en in Tim e o f R evolu tion

™ cc,'r Collaborative Research pro gramme on Cultural Tradi

tions o f Endan gered Minorities in South and Southeast Asia sponsored a lecture by Professor Mary Margaret Steedly of Harvard University. The lecture was entitled ‘Gender in a Time o f Revolution:

placing Karo women in the struggle for Indonesian independence, 1945-50’ and was held in the N on nensteeg, Leiden, professor Steedly has worked among the Karo Batak o f Sumatra and discussed the prob lems one faced (both theoretical and methodological) in trying to recover the history of women’s experience in war, given the usual lack of docu m entation of such experience.

I I AS N E W S

Signing the Memoranda o f U nderstanding between the HAS and Vietnam National University Hanoi:

Prof. Wim Stokhoj] o f the IIAS (centre], Prof. Doan Thien Thuat (left)

and Prof. Phan Huy Le fright), both o f Vietnam National

Visiting 'Exchange IIAS m a in ta in s g o o d re la tio n s with th e follo wing i n s t i t u t e s | and can m e d i a t e in establish in g c o n t a c t s with them :

l’École Franpaise d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Paris and Asia I’lnstitut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris The Institut de Recherche sur Ie Sud-Est Asiatique (IRSEA), Aix-en-Provence The Maison des Sciences de I’Homme, Paris The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London The Institute for Chinese Studies, University of Oxford The Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull The Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (IsMEO), Rome The Instituto di Diritto e Politica Internazionale, Milano The Asia Departments of the University of Hamburg, Hamburg The Südasien Institut and the Sinologisches and Japanologisches Seminar, Heidelberg The Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg The Institut für Ethnologie, Bern The Centro de Estudos de Historia e Cartografta Antiga, Lisbon The Centro de Historia de Alem Mar, Lisbon The Institute of South East Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore The Oriental Library, Tokyo The Institute of Eastern Culture, Tokyo The Institute of Oriental Culture, Tokyo The Toyota Foundation, Tokyo The Japan-Netherlands Institute (Tokyo) The Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo The Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto The Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto The Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok The Thammasat University, Bankok The Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok The National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR), Islamabad The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad The Asia Departments of the University of Peshawar, Peshawar The Central Asia Study Center Peshawar, Peshawar The Asia Departments of the University of the Punjab, Lahore The Centre for South Asian Studies, Lahore The Asia Departments of the University of Sindh, Jamshore The Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Madras, Madras ITnstitut Franqais de Pondicherry, Pondicherry

U niversity Hanoi. Hanoi, August 1995.

F ellow ships [INSTITUTIONAL! T ^ f Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs] with research insti tutes in the field of Asia Studies all over the world, in order to stimulate further cooperation in this field, and to improve the mobility of scholars through the exchange of research fellows at a post-PhD level. The period of exchange can vary from one to six months, depending on the relevant MoU.

NEW S

Both parties commit themselves to supporting these visiting exchange fellows, by offering office facilities, and in some cases tempo rary housing and reimbursement of travel costs.

The IIAS welcomes Dutch scholars (or holders of a permanent resi dence permit in the Netherlands who are affiliated to/and or employed by a Dutch research insti tute] at post-PhD level to apply for a visiting exchange fellowship under the following MoUs: 1. Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (NIAS], Copenhagen 2. East-West Center in Hawai’i (EWC], and the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies of the Australian National University at Canberra (RSPAS-ANU] 3. Division of Social Sciences and Humanities, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta 4. Institut fiir Kultur und Geistesgeschichte Asiens der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 5. The Institute of Oriental Studies (IOS) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 6. Vietnam National University Hanoi (VNU), Hanoi 7. The University Grants Commis sion (UGC]/Ministry of Educa tion, Islamabad

In all cases the applicants are required to send in a curriculum vitae, an outline of the proposed research (i.e. work plan], a letter of recommendation, and reasons for seeking placement at the other institute. Selected candidates are supposed to present a progress report to the receiving institute before departure, and to write a report for the sending institute. Researchers contacting the IIAS for mediation are requested to send in a curriculum vitae, an outline of the proposed research (i.e. work plan], a letter of recommendation, or any other relevant information.

The IIAS can provide you with more information. Please contact Ms S. Kuypers at the IIAS.

The Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi The Indian National Research Council, New Delhi The School of International Studies, Nehru University, New Delhi The Indian Council for Cultural relations The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR).The Delhi University, New Delhi The University Grants Commission, New Delhi The Association for Asian Studies, Ann Arbor and others...

MoUs as keys to

internationalization of Asian Studies Autumn 199s •

iia s n e w s l e t t e r

NS6 • 5

IIAS ne of the most important poli cies of the IIAS is to share scholarly exper NEWS tise by offering universities and other research insti tutes the opportunity to benefit front the knowledge of resident fel lows. IIAS fellows can be invited to lecture, participate in seminars, cooperate on research projects etc. The IIAS is most willing to mediate in establishing contacts. Both national and international integra tion of Asian Studies are a very important objective.

INSTITUTIONAL! O

The IIAS distinguishes between several categories of fellows: l. Research fellows (post PhD, < 40 years) a. individual b. attached to a programme, i.e. ‘Changing Lifestyles in Asia’; ‘Cul tural Traditions in Endangered Minorities of South and Southeast Asia'; and ‘International Social Organization in East and South east Asia: Q iaoxiang Ties in the Twentieth Century’). They are attached to the Interna tional Insri m e fo r Asian Studies for 1 to 3 yea rs, carrying out indepen dent research and fieldwork, and organizing an international semi nar once per year.

As it is one of the policies of the IIAS to stimulate (inter)national exchange, we will gladly mediate in establishing contacts and availability in delivering lectures, organizing seminars, etc.

4. Visiting exchange fellows (post PhD level) The IIAS has signed several Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) with for eign research institutes, thus pro viding scholars with an opportu nity to participate in international exchanges. The Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (NIAS) in Copen hagen and the Australian National University (ANU) regularly send scholars to the Netherlands to do research for a period from 1 to 6 months. In exchange, Dutch schol ars can apply to be sent abroad to the MoU-institutes of the IIAS. 5. Affiliated fellows (post PhD level). The IIAS can offer office facilities to fellows who have found their own financial support and who would like to do research in the Netherlands for a certain period. The Board of the IIAS decides who is eligible. More detailed information can be obtained via the IIAS secretariat.

has new s le t te r

Dr P.P. Mohapatra (India) Dr Mohapatra is studying 'The Making of a Coolie: recovering the experience ofindentured Indian migrants in the Caribbean sugar plantations, 1838-15)18'. From 26 to 28 October he and Dr M. van der Lin den, IISG Amsterdam, will organize a seminar ‘South Asian Labour: Link ages - Global and Local’ (in Amster dam).

i. Researchfellow s At present the IIAS is host to 11 research fellows. Below you will find an overview of their names and research topics: Dr C. Chou (Singapore) Dr Chou is working within the programme Cultural Traditions in Endangered Minorities of South and Southeast Asia on 'The Orang Suku Laut (Sea Nomads): the indigenous Malays ofSoutheast Asia’. From 4 to A October she and Dr Will Derks will host the seminar on 'Riau in Transi tion: The Globalisation of a Peripher al Region in Indonesia’ in Leiden.

Dr S. Munshi (India) Dr Munshi is working within the framework of the programme Changing Lifestyles. She is engaged in research on how traditional con cerns ofwomen are being changed to global concerns in the urban scenar io of India, and how new forms of identity are available to women. From Ato 8 November Dr S. Munshi is organizing an international semi nar on ‘Images ofWomen in Media’, in Leiden.

Dr W.A.G. Derks (the Netherlands) Dr Derks’ topic is ‘The Search for Malayness'within the collaborative framework of Changing Lifestyles. He and Dr C. Chou are co-organizing the seminar ‘Riau in Transition: the globalisation of a peripheral region in Indonesia', to be held in Leiden from 4 to AOctober 1995.

Dr J.C.M. Peeters (the Netherlands) Dr Peeters cooperates with other fellows in the programme Changing Lifestyles, investigating‘Islamic Youth Groups in Indonesia: global ization and universalism in a local context'.

IIAS alumni Dr R.J. Barendse Dr B. Bhattachatya Dr L. Dong Dr C.R. Groeneboer Prof. B.J. Ter Haar Dr M. Liechty DrP. Pels Dr R. Sybesma

2. Senior visiting fellow s IIAS offers senior scholars the pos sibility to engage in research work in the Netherlands. The period can vary from 1 to 4 months. The IIAS will be welcoming several senior visiting fellows in the coming period:

Prof. Abdul Wahab bin Ali of the University of Malaya will be resident in the Netherlands from 1 May 1995 to 31 May 1997 as guest professor in Malayan Studies.

4. Visiting exchange fellow s Close cooperation with the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) and the Australian National University (ANU) has resulted in a regular exchange of scholars. Contacts with Vietnamese universities will become more regular in the near future. The IIAS is expecting the following schol ars: 11 September - 20 December , 1995

5 September - 31 October 19515

Dr S. Rozario Field o f research: sociology, anthro pology. Proposed research: ‘Women, Health and Development Issues in South Asia’ 5 September - 23 December 19515

Dr M. Roberts Field o f research: Ethnic violence and political culture. Proposed research: ‘Understanding Zealotry’. 1 December 1995 - 31 January 1996

Profi B. Terwiel Field o f research: Thai language and culture

Dr S. Sato (lecturer in Japanese at the Department of Modern Lan guages at Newcastle University, Australia/ANU) ‘The Impact of the Second World War on Southeast Asia’; 11 September -10 October

Tran Ky Phuong from Vietnam, curator of the Museum of Champa Sculpture at Danang 24-29 September

Dr Leif Littrup (lecturer at the Department of Asian Studies in Copenhagen/NIAS), guest of the Sinological Institute in Leiden; 29 September - end October

Research F ellow s

2. Senior visiting fellows (post PhD) The IIAS offers senior scholars the possibility to engage in research work in the Netherlands. The peri od can vary from 1 to 4 months. 3. Professorial fellows The IIAS assists in mediating between universities in the Netherlands and Research Insti tutes in Asia, inviting established scholars (minimum requirement: assistant professor level) to share their expertise with Dutch schol ars, by being affiliated to Dutch universities for a period of one to two years.

NEWS

at the IIAS Dr M.L.L.G. Hockx (the Netherlands) Dr Hockx is carrying out research on ‘Literary Societies and the Literary Field in Pre-war Republican China (1911-1937)'. He was host to the ‘International Workshop on Modern Chinese Poetry’, organized by Dr M. Hockx, IIAS fellow, and Prof Michelle Yeh, University of Califor nia, in Leiden from 27 to 29 Septem ber. Dr J.E.M. Houben (the Netherlands) After having carried out research on ‘Theoretical and Socio-Linguistic Attitudes ofBhartrhari and later Sanskrit Grammarians’ in 1994, Dr Houben has taken up his second fellowship at the IIAS doing research on ‘the early history of Paninian grammar and the origin of eternal Sanskrit'. Dr M.J. Klokke (the Netherlands) Dr Klokke is working within the programme Cultural Traditions in Endangered Minorities of South and Southeast Asia looking at ‘Principles of Space Arrangement and Orienta tion in the Ancient Hindu and Bud dhist Architecture oflndonesia: an example of the persistence of the Dong-Son heritage’. From 2 to 6 Sep tember 1996 she will organize the ‘6th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists' in Leiden.

• Aut umn 1995

Dr Knut Sigurdson Vikor (Direc tor of the Centre for Middle East ern and Islamic Studies at the Uni versity of Bergen, Norway/NIAS) ‘The Meaning of‘Interpretation’: Mohammed b. Aki al-Sanusi's Kitab Iqaz al-wasnan’. 1996

Dr D. Tooker (U nited States o f America) Dr Tooker is working both within the programme and as programme director o f Cultural Traditions in Endangered Minorities of South and Southeast Asia on ‘Contextual hierar chy: the pragmatics of spatial signs among the Akha’. She is preparing the Second International Conference on Hani-Akha Culture (in Chiang Mai, Thailand), in cooperation with the Tribal Research Institute in Chi ang Mai. Co-organizer is: The SouthEast Asian Mountain Peoples’ Cul ture and Development Organization (SEAMP), a Thai NGO in Chiang Mai, Thailand. To be held from 12 to 18 May 1996. Dr M.P. Vischer (Switzerland) Dr Vischer, working within the programme Cultural Traditions in Endangered Minorities of South and Southeast Asia, is undertaking research after 'Origin Structures: a comparative socio-cosmological study’. An international seminar has been planned for Febraury, about * Hierarchialization’.

2 January - 30 April 1996

Dr Dilip Chandra Field o f research: socio-politics Proposed research: 'The Role oflslam in Contemporary Indonesia - an alternative perspective’ April - May 1996

Profi O. Prakash Field o f research: Economic, social and cultural history Proposed research: ‘Trade as a Variable in Determining Lifestyles: Indian merchants in the Indian Ocean Trade’ 15 May -15 August 1996

Profi W.H. Frederick Field o f research: history Proposed research: 'The Revolution in East Java, 1946-1949’ 20 March - 20 July 1996

Dr Deepak Kumar Field o f research: Indian colonial histo ry Proposed research: ‘Science and Coloni zation: a comparative study of the Dutch Indies and British India, 1900-1945'

3. Professorial fellow s Dr Y. Zhang (People’s Republic o f China) Dr Zhang’s research topic is ‘Administrative Litigation in China and Japan’. Extension of his contract has been granted for another year, during which time Dr Zhang will deepen his knowledge ofChinese law in general, with a particular interest in tax laws.

The HAS has assisted in mediating between the University o f Ramkhamhaeng, Thailand, and the Leiden Uni versity. Dr Archara Pengpanich (an associate professor at the University of Ramkhamhaeng) arrived in the Netherlands in January 1995. She is offering courses in Thai language and culture for two years at the univer sities of both Amsterdam and Leiden.

Dr Alison Murray (research fellow at the Department of Human Geography, Division of Society and Environment at the research School of Pacific and Asian Stud ies/ANU) will stay with the IIAS for 6 months in 1996, doing research on the ‘Cultural Practice among the Kalinga of Luzon and the Kenyah of Kalimantan, Indonesia’.

5. Affiliated fellow s The IIAS is hoping to welcome the following affiliated fellows: Dr Alex McKay, who will stay in Leiden for one year on a research award granted by the British Leverhulme Trust. His research is con cerned with the history of the multi faith pilgrimage to Mount Kailas in Western Tibet. Profi Chen Xiaoming (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing), a leading authority in China on modern and contemporary Chinese literature, who will stay for one year from November 1995, supported by the Netherlands Royal Academy of Sciences. His research concerns ‘Plu ralistic Difficulties: contemporary Chinese culture in a transition period’.

I I AS N E W S

IIAS S en io r V isitin g Fellow : Dr Santi Rozario South Asian villages, with damaging consequences for the health of both mother and child. Childbirth is regarded as the most polluting of all bodily experiences. The job of tradi tional birth attendant (usually called dai) in Bangladeshi villages is gener ally despised, being regarded as pol luting and of low status. In the past it was mostly carried out by women from a low (Hindu) caste background traditionally associated with this work. Nowadays, poor and uneducat ed women, often widows with small children, will take up this work out of lack of an alternative. While they may have some practical experience, they have little authority over the situa tion of birth, which remains domi nated by the family’s desires to avoid pollution through contact with the birth, or shame through the birthing woman’s exposure to male doctors. In this general situation, birth is dan gerous for both mother and child, and prospects for substantial improvement are limited. Elsewhere in South Asia, there is evidence of similar patterns, with significant variations. In some areas of South Asia (e.g. among the Newars

r Santi JL/ Rozario (Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia) is visiting the IIAS in September and October 1995. She is a social anthropologist, origi nally from Bangladesh but now liv ing in Australia. Her research inter ests cover three main areas: women and development in Bangladesh and South Asia; women and health (espe cially reproductive health) in Bangla desh and South Asia; women and Islam in Asia and the West. Her pub lications so far include a book, Purity and Communal Boundaries: women and social change in a Bangladeshi village (Zed Press, London; Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1992) and several articles on women and development and women and social change. An issue of particular interest to Dr Rozario in relation to her work on reproductive health is the role of notions of purity and pollution. These dominate the way childbirth is handled in Bangladeshi and other

of Kathmandu), there have tradition ally been female healers of relatively high status; elsewhere, attempts to train dai have been pursued with varying degrees of success. Some of these variations were explored at a panel organized by Dr Rozario at the Association of Asian Studies confer ence in Washington, D.C. in April 1995, and Dr Rozario plans to use the papers at this panel as the basis of a book on childbirth and reproductive health in South Asia. She would be interested to hear from other scholars working in related areas, and in particular fromi any potential contributors to the book. Material on childbirth in neighbouring societies such as Southeast Asia is also welcome. ^

In general the maximum possible subsidy per project amounts to Dfls. 15,000.-; Other institutes besides the IIAS also contribute to the project; The IIAS receives a final report containing remarks about both financial matters and content; The applicant will hand in a report to the IIAS Newsletter; In all relevant publications the HAS will be named as the subsidy provider; Requests for subsidies have to be sent to the IIAS secretariat before 1 April 1996.

INSTITUTIONAL

NEW S

The subsidy is meant to reinforce the infrastructure of Asian Stud ies in the Netherlands (attention is paid to national impact, the internationalization of Asian Studies, and the filling of present gaps in the Netherlands);

October, and can be reached subsequently clo Geoffrey Samuel, Department o f Religious

T~J ach year _ J_ D the t IIAS makes available a limited numL ber of grants N E W S for outstanding (Dutch) schol ars post PhD, in order to do research abroad. The grants are given for a maxi mum of two months and should be used to cover the costs of accommo dation, travel and/or research.

P T ^he choice JL of th e'Master’ will be determined by I I U X J the research N E W S that is being done in the Netherlands by PhD students and postdocs (in consultation with the Academic Board). The participants in the 'Master classes’ will be recruited from the research schools and the relevant faculties and institutes. The IIAS also welcomes participants from European and non-European cen

INSTITUTIONAL

tres or institutes which maintain good relations with the IIAS. The participants will be selected by the Board, the Director of the IIAS, and the ‘Master’, based on a short (2opp) paper on their research projects, in which particular emphasis should be placed on the subjects that are to be discussed during the Masterclass. Professor Jurgis Elisonas will be in charge of the HAS Masterclass, which is scheduled for the end of May 1996. More details can be found on this page. ^

The First IIAS Masterclass

Studies, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA I 4YG, UK, or (from February 1996) D epartment o f Sociology and Anthropology, University o f Newcastle, N S W 2308, Australia.

If funds are not entirely depleted, a second selection will be held in the Autumn (1 October 1998); - As well as the application the IIAS requests a detailed budget, in which is specified which part of the said budget the HAS is asked to finance; - If the application concerns a con ference, seminar or like, a list of participants and a list of topics have to be handed in together with the application. ^ Application forms and more information can be obtained at the IIAS secretariat

IIAS (Travel) G ra n ts for Asia Researchers INSTITUTIONAL

Two or three times a year, starting in 1 9 9 5 - the IIAS will organize short (two-day) dosed working sessions for a small selected group of postdocs and advanced PhD students (4-8 persons). These will be focused on and be under the guidance o f a very prominent scholar in a particular disdpline. The participants will be given the opportunity to discuss their work with the ‘Master’, in the presence of and in interaction with the other participants.

Dr Rozario will be In Leiden until 29th

IIAS S u b sid y to cover th e Costs o f a Research Project n order to _be granted an IIAS guaranteed subsidy, 1 I a project appli cation should at least meet the following requirements:

M asterclasses

Conditions and Procedures: The stay abroad and the activities have to be compatible with the aims and the activities of the IIAS. Objectives of the proposal will be evaluated by the Board on the rec ommendation of the Academic Committee. The requests for a grant have to be supported by at least 2 members of the Board and/or Academic Com mittee. The IIAS will contact the (relevant) members of the Board and/or Academic Committee.

For more information, please contact the IIAS secretariat

Travel costs and costs of accommo dation for Dutch scholars can be made available only after the per son concerned has obtained partial funding from his/her institute and when he/she does not qualify for other means of funding (NWO/WOTRO). Applicant has to be employed by a Dutch institute and/or be the hold er of a permanent residence permit. Standard application forms can be obtained from the HAS secre tariat. ^

Japan in th e 16th and 17th C enturies T urgis Elisonas, who has also writI ten under the name George Elison, was born in Lithuania, began his formal education in Germany, and finished it in the United States with a doctorate in History and Far East ern Studies at Harvard University. An expanded version of his doctoral dissertation, Deus Destroyed: The Image ofChrisrianiiy in Early Modem Japan, was published by Harvard University Press, and the topic of the initial European encounter with Japan has remained among his major research interests. Although a cultu ral historian by predilection, he has also engaged in studies of the nature of hegemony in sixteenth-century Japan as well as of Japan’s interna tional relations in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early mod ern era He is also interested in urban history: His most recent publication is titled ‘Notorious Places: The Nar rative Topography of Early Edo’, and he is currently engaged in editing a volume of essays on Kyoto in the sev enteenth century. Dr Elisonas is Professor of East Asian Languages and Cultures and of History at Indiana University. He has been spending the year 1994-95 as a visitor at the Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Japan en Korea of Lei den University under a fellowship from the Isaac Alfred Ailion Founda tion. He has held visiting research and teaching appointments at Har vard University, the University of

Hawaii, and Kyoto University; in 1991-92 he was a research fellow of Kyoto University’s Institute for Research in Humanities. Among the honours that he has received is a Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship. Warriors, Artists, & Commoners, a col lection of essays co-edited by him, was selected US Academic Book of the Year 1981. The topic of the master classes to be offered by Professor Elisonas at a location in the Netherlands which is still to be determined isjapan in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The classes will be held at a Research Centre in the Netherlands in the last week of May 1996. Invited to apply ate doctoral students and recent recipients of the doctorate in fields related to Japanese cultural and political history or to the history of Japan's foreign and inter-cultural relations during that period. Appli cations are due by 15 April 1996 and should include a cv and a sample of the applicant’s scholarly writing. Approximately ten candidates will be selected for participation. The suc cessful applicants are expected to submit papers on their research pro jects by 10 May. The official language will be English. It is expected that the papers presented for criticism at this seminar will be published in the form of a volume of essays. All travel and accommodation ex penses will be covered by the IIAS.

All inquiries should be directed to the IIAS office.

A u t u m n 1 9 9 5 • i i a s n e w s l e t t e r TsIS6

•

I I AS N E W S 6- 8 NOVEMBER 1995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS IIAS CONFERENCE: CHANGI NG LIFESTYLES IN ASIA

CONFERENCE

Images o f W omen

Monday 9.00

PROGRAMME

6 N ovember Morning Session

1995

- 9.15 W elcom e Address

Professor W.A.L. Stokhof (Director, IIAS) Chair and Discussant: Dr Ann Gray (Department o f Cultural Studies, University o f Birm ingham , U.K.) 9.15 - 10.00 Dr Genevieve Sellier (Universite de Paris III, France): Evil Women in French Post-War Cinema, 1945-1955 10.00 - 10.45 Dr Purnim a Mankekar (D epartm ent o f Anthropology. Stanford University, U.S.A.): ‘W om en-O rientcd’ Television Serials and the Reconstitution o f Indian Womanhood

For a long time women were ‘hidden from history’ as so aptly described by Sheila Rowbotham. One of the first aims of feminist scholarship, which has gained such momentum in the past few decades, has been to render women’s situation and experience visible. As a consequence of the feminist movement, many issues affecting women’s lives have become important areas of discussion and study which have produced far-reaching developments in intellectual work. In a nutshell, the earlier phase o f feminist scholarship tended to con centrate on the male domination of women in keeping the latter largely confined to the domestic sphere and their consequent exclu sion from the male world. The newer phase o f feminist scholarship, however, has become a far more diverse body o f thought. It has come to emphasize the special and distinctive nature of women’s roles in both the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres o f life. Media, and how women are represented in media, form one important aspect o f such studies. By S h o m a Muns hi

FERENCE

A cademic

L X discourse, debate, and research have been plentiful in feminist ÏÏÊ If lulu media theory and women in media research in recent years. Media has been described as ‘technologies of gender, accomodating, modifying, recon structing and producing, disciplin ing and contrary renditions of sexu al difference’ [Van Zoonen, ‘Femi nist Media Studies’, Sage, London and New Delhi, 1594:41). Media ‘texts' as they are called, such as advertisements, television pro grammes, films, magazines, etc., provide an area o f observation to see how such technologies function and provide meaning. These help in throwing light, as a starting point for further analysis, on issues such as the tensions in a struggle between tradition and modernity; ) the alternative, and at times, con[ flicting meanings encoded in such I texts; the symbols of reality and fantasy in such models of commu nication; questions of gender, eth nicity, sexuality and power in the construction of femininity, etc.

Objectives

o f the Conference

Drawing upon such polysemie media ‘texts’, this conference invites participants to discuss new methodological and theoretical approaches to deal with such data and address the sort of questions ! outlined above, and any others I which will help form a linking point for discussions [discussed later in this article]. The following two methodologies have been been current in such research so far. One has been the concentration on the ‘reception’ or ‘consumption’ side the interpretation, acceptance/nonacceptance of such portrayals, the position of the intended (and non intended) audiences and consumers in relation to such texts, ethno graphic studies of consumption, I interpretation, resistance, etc. This 8 •

becomes inevitable when one recog nizes the multiplicity of meanings in media texts and the multiplicity of ways that audiences make mean ing of such texts. Another has been to concentrate on the ‘production’ side - the study of the media prod uct itself either by content analysis or semiotic analysis. In an interpre tative research strategy the one can complement the other. Apart from these ways, the conference wel comes new approaches towards the examination of any type of media output. Two related points for a broader linking of discussions need men tioning here. One, feminist scholar ship has inevitably tended to make gender (as expressed in questions dealing mainly with femininity) an important component of research. However, this has led to a backlash, since by defnition, gender needs to focus both on women as well as men, on questions of femininity as well as masculinity. Thus, without strictly adhering to the title of the conference, papers dealing with theory, notions of masculinity and male sexuality in the construction of gender discourses, would also be welcome for discussion. Two, geographical boundaries are not demarcated for the purposes of this conference; nor are strict areas of specialization. Hence papers will draw on empirical data from coun tries like Indonesia, Nepal, India, England, etc. What is of importance is to examine how different theoret ical frameworks and approaches are applicable to the examination of such issues. Last, but not least, the title of the conference, ‘Images of Women in Media’ is a deliberate choice. The word ‘images’ brings to mind ‘re presentation’. Representation is of crucial political and cultural impor tance. By focusing on media, the conference will look at how far women are able to articulate their own perspectives and demands. How do women represent and re present themslves through media? Representation also finds immedi ate reference to many of the impor tant questions regarding culture and politics on the academic agen da. Cultural self-expression (th rough mass media) is a way of cam paigning for political leverage. Not only does it lobby for social and legal changes beneficial to women, it also challenges cultural preoccu pations concerning femininity and gender. The aim of the conference is that discussion and debate on such issues will lead to a broad cultural critique and raise further questions for future research.

h a s n e w s l e t t e r N ? 6 • A u t u mn 1995

r ~ '- |

10.45 - 11-30 Ms. Lorraine Gamman, M.A. (Centra! St. Martin’s College o f Art and Design, London, UX): Female Fetishism and Visual Culture 11.45 - ii-3 0 D r Shoma M unshi (The International Institutefor Asian Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands): Caring fo r You But Caring fo r Me, Too: Indian Advertising in the 1990’s Constructs the ‘New Woman’ 12.30 - 14.00 Lunch

Afternoon Session Chair and Discussant: Professor Patricia Uberoi (Institute o f EconotnicGrowth, Delhi University, India ) 14.00 - 14.45 Professor Nicholas B. Dirks (University o f Michigan, U.S.A.): The Home and the Nation: Consuming Culture and Politics in (re) 'Roja' 14-45 - 15-30 Drs M arianne O ort (Kern Institute, Letden Universipi, The Netherlands); Myth as Medium: A Survey o f the Status o f Indian Women as Reflected by Functions attributed to Female Divinities 15.45 - 16.30 Dr Krishna Sen (Centrefor Research in Culture and Communication, Murdoch University, Australia): Women. Work and Advertising: Indonesia in the 1990's

Tuesday 7 N

ovember

1995

Morning Session Chair and Discussant: D r Ien Ang 9.00 - 9.45 Professor Patricia Uberoi (Institute o f Economic Growth, Delhi Universipi, India): An ‘arranged love marriage?': Dilemmas o f Romance in Popular Indian Women’s Magazines 9-45 - 10.30 Dr Suzanne Brenner (Department o f Anthropology, University o f California, San Diego, U.S.A.. and [for 1995-96} School o f Social Science, Institute fo r Advanced Stuèy, Princeton, U.S.A,).Thc Fem inization o f Modernise Images o f W om en in the Popular Indonesian Print Media 10.30 - 11.15 Ms. M elinda Mash (Middlesex University, U.K.): Fem inist Research: T ext fro m a Context, Pretext 11.30 - 12.15 Dr Gargi Bhactacharyya (Department o f Cultural Studies, University o f Birmingham, U.K.): Tall & Tan & Young & Lovely - Evocations o f Girls' Skin 12.15 - 13-00 Dr Monique Zaini-Lajoubert (Centre N ationale de la Recherche Scientifique [CNRS], Paris, France): W om en and Politics in Modem Indonesian and Malay Literatures with special reference to the novel Senator A dila by the woman writer Khadijah Hashtm

Afternoon Session Chair and Discussant: Dr Krishna Sen (Centre for Research in Culture and C om m unication, M urdoch University, Australia) 14.30 - 15.15 Dr Joke Hermes (D epartm ent o f Com m unication, University o f Amsterdam, The Netherlands): Researching an Impossible Object: Men as W omen's M agazine Readers 15.15 - 16.00 Dr Mark Liechty (D epartm ent o f Anthropology, University o f California. Santa Barbara, U.SA): “This Kind o f ‘Love’ I don't like too much’’: Women’s Identity, Pornography

and Consumer Sexuality in K athm andu 16.15 - 17.00 Perry Johansson (Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, Sweden): Selling the New Chinese Woman: From Hedonism to Return o f Tradition in Women’s Magazine Advertising

We dn esd a y

8 N

ovember

1995

Morning Session Chair and Discussant: Professor Nicholas B. Dirks (University ofM ichigan, U.S.A.) 9.00 - 9.45 Dr Ann Gray (D epartm ent o f C ultural Studies, University o f B irm ingham , U.K.): Will the ’Real Viewer’Please Stand Up?: Questions o f Method 9.45 - 10.30 Dr Ien Ang (Centre for Research in C ulture and Com m unication, M urdoch University, Australia): Global Media/Local M eaning 10.45 - 12.00

Sum m ing Up and General Discussion with all the Chairs and Discussants o f the Conference

I I AS

NEWS 26 - 29 OCTOBER, 1995 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK IIAS / NIAS WORKSHOP

New IIAS Publications In all four new books were published since the previous newsletter was published.

The IIAS Workirypapers series z and 3 The IIAS Working Papers Series is designed to provide the scholarly world and other interested parties with up-to-date articles in the field of Asian Studies. The IIAS is convinced that it is of vital importance to academic debate and dialogue that papers delivered at conferences should be pub lished within a few months of the conference being held.

Preliminary programme

Democracy in Asia This workshop will be jointly organized by the International Institute for Asian Studies (Leiden), the Nordic Institute o f Asian Studies (Copen hagen) and the Centre for East and Southeast Asian Studies (Göteborg). T

hursday

, 16 O c t o b e r

15.00-15.15 Coffee break

13.00-13.30: Registration WORKI NG

PAPERS

WOR KI NG PAPERS

SERI ES

SERIES

15.15-16.45 Session 5: Prospect o f Democracy

13.30- 14.45: Opening R ichard R obison (M urdoch),

Stein T onnesson (NIAS):

O p e n in g Address

Asia and the Danger of a Global Anti-Democrattc Backlash

14.45-15.00: Coffee break

Rana A th ar (Valby, D enm ark):

15.00-16.30 Session 1: An Asian Concept o f Democracy?

Joakim Ö jendal (Göteborg):

Democracy in Pakistan? Prospects/or Democracy in Cambodia

Bruce Koppel (H onolulu): Old Voices and

Sa t u

New Identities: Society, Economy and Culture in the Southeast Asian Discourse on Democraty and Democratization Bli*i»*11BH*tt*tl,aOr# Will Derlu Dong Kcu Groen«l»«T

Edited

Edited by Alexander] i t Vvog

- Berge Bakken (NIAS): Pnnctpled and

H ans A ntlov (NIAS): Discourses o f

Unprincipled Detnoaag/: The Chinese

‘Asian Values D e m o cra t' in

Sandro Ew h

j.nfc.M-HoulK" ManjkejKUkk' Peter Pels lin t Sybeima rboroh E. Took*'

C ultures o f Madagascar: Ebb and Flow o f Influences

The IIAS Yearbook 1994

contains 11 articles written by IIAS research fellows. The contributions to this Yearbook are the products of a varied disciplinary back ground. Due to this different disci plinary background a regional grouping of the articles has been opted for. Although the contributions vary in disciplinary and geographical scope, they share the same spirit of investigation which is constantly trying to push the limits of research in new directions. The articles contain the seeds of an academic dialogue in a multi disciplinary and cross-regional comparative framework which will broaden our understanding of new developments taking place in Asia.

Malaysia and Indonesia

Approach to Selection and Election

Surya P. Subedi (The Hague):

G anesh M an G u ru n g a n d S igrun Eide

The Asian Concept o f Democraty and

O degaard (O slo):Janjati and National

Universality o f Hum an Rights

Politics seen through Local and

Mart Spmdler

Shorn* Muiuki

edited by S. Evers and M. Spindler contains the edited versions of the papers presented at the first con gress on Madagascar held in the Netherlands in 1994. It was a joint initiative by the African Studies Centre (leiden), the Interuniversitary Institute for missiological and Ecumenical Research (Utrecht), and the IIAS. The origin of the 12 million Mala gasy is a fruitful source of discourse among Madagascar specialists. The Malagasy cultures seem to be the outcome ofjuxtapositions and syn theses of Asian and African ele ments. In the papers presented in this volume, the Malagasy cultures are described and analysed by scien tists from four different fields of study: cultural anthropology; lan guage and literature; church histo ry; and general history.

N ew Approaches to Board Gaines Research: Asian O rigins and Future Perspectives

contains the final versions of the papers presented at the internation al colloquium Board Games in Aca demia, held in Leiden 9-13 April, 1995. The colloquium was jointly sponsored by the Research School CNWS (Leiden) and the IIAS. The papers were edited by Alexan der ]. de Voogt. The contributors are a mixture of board games research ers, collectors, and players from var ied disciplinary backgrounds. Dur ing the meeting international grandmasters gave demonstrations of shogi, chess, and bao. The articles contained in this volume are grouped around five themes: San skrit studies and board games; com puter science and board games; phi losophy and board games; descrip tive research and board games; and archaeology and board games. ^

, 28 O c t o b e r

rday

9.0010.30 Session 6: Democracy and Political Order

M u tia h A lagappa (H onolulu):

General Elections

Power, Authority and Democracy in Asia

P eter Kloos (Am sterdam ): The Paradox o f Sir Lanka: Civil War and

iday

the Demise o f the T has Po litica

, 27 O c t o b e r

9.00-10.30 Session z: The Discursive Struggle

10.30-10.45 Coffee break

M ichael W. Katzko (N ijm egen): Psychological Aspects o f Democratization in Indonesia

10.45-12.00 Session 7: The Role o f Social Movements

Larissa Efimova (Moscow):

O lie T ö rn q u ist (Uppsala):

The Struggle about Perceptions of

Radical Popular Movements,

‘Pancasila Democragd in Indonesia

Development and Democratization in

A nders U h lin (Uppsala): Democracy

the Philippines and Kerala

in Indonesia? Discourses and Practices

Joachim O esterheld (Berlin):

among the Rulers and the Opposition

Regional Movements and Parties in India:

N iels M ulder (Am sterdam ):

Challenging or Strengthening Democraiy?

Thailand: rhe Ideology o f

H a tla T helle (Copenhagen):

'Democratic Government Headed by

The Intellectuals and Dissidents’

the King’ According to School Texts

D em ocrat in Contemporaty China Cecilia M ilw ertz (NIAS): Women, NGOs and the Prospects

10.30- 10.45 Coffee break

fo r Democraiy in China

10.45-1z.00 Session 3: Asian Variants o f Democracy?

12.00-13.30 Lunch

T ak-W ing N go (Leiden): Democratic Authoritarianismthe Politics o f Consensus in Hong Kong

T h e IIAS G uide to Asian Studies in th e N etherlands ’95

was published in August. It contains the names of nearly 900 Asianists working in the Netherlands. This number represents approximately 90% of all researchers involved in Asian Studies in the Netherlands. Furthermore, all university departments, institutes, museums, and newsletters in the field of Asian Studies are listed.

13.30-15.00 Session 8: The Democratization Prosess

B ettin a Robotka (Berlin):

Kokila G au tam (The Hague):

Indigenous Indian Democratic Models

Democraiy and Democratization Process

D evika Paul (Delhi):

in Nepal. An analysis o f the Future of

Parliamentary Democracy in India

Democraiy in a Least-developed Asian Country

Kazuki Iw anaga (Stockholm): The Democratic Consequences of

Jae-Suk Lee (Stockholm):

Japan's Electoral System

The idea o f Democracy and Democratization in South Korea

The order form for these publications is at the backside of the address label.

Kutut Suwondo (Nijmegen):

12.00-13.30 Lunch

Democratization in Javanese Rural Areas H e rm a n n H albeisen (Bochum):

13.30-15.00 Session 4: Conditions for Democracy

Which DemocracyJorTaiwan? An Analysis o f the Debate on

A hm ed Shafiqul H u q u e (H ong Kong): Economic Development or the Lack o /tt

Constitutional Reform 1988-1991 ■

and Democratization;

15.00- 15.15 Coffee break

a Study o f Baryladesh and Hong Kong G eit H elgesen and Li Xing (NIAS a n d Alborg): Condittons/or the

15.15-16.45 Conclusion

Success o f Democracy in Korea and China

Laurence W hitehead (Oxford):

Ooi Kee Beng (Stockholm ): The New

Closing Address

N ation and the World Order. A Theoretical Discussion about East Asian Political

n d a y

, 29 O c t o b e r

D ep artu re

Adjustment

Aut umn 1995 •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

"NS6 • 9

IIAS

INTERNET

NEWS

TT Hlntemet & the By A n n e l i e s d e D e u g d

—

HAS As reported in Newsletter 5, the IIAS now has its own

Home

Reload

Open

¥ T 7 hen you go to our address,

World Wide Web site on the Internet. ! several clickable options. When you click on the option you This site is part o f the automatization plans of the IIAS. Preparation and development started in January of this year and since the computer itself arrived at the beginning o f May the IIAS Pages have been ‘on the air’.

Setting up this site has been done in cooperation with the ‘CRI’, ‘Institute o f Telecommunication and

These are the options:

E -

The IIAS

ensured everything ran smoothly.

What's Cool!

«=3 i -

WWW-sites Gopher-sites Ftp-sites Newsgroups

55* - For a photographic impression of the IIAS and surroundings either click on:

Photo file A (HTML 2.0 version) or

553

cat

International Conferences in September 1995 International Conference Agenda Call for Papers International Art Agenda

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From the period May 10 1995 to September 5 1995 the follow ing statistics are available about the use of our WWW site:

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The home page has been logged into by 30 different coun tries from which in total 5331 requests have been made for information. As shown in the graph below most requests came from the United States of America. Followed by the Netherlands, Aus tralia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Japan. The explanation for the lower number in some countries has prob ably more to do with the availability oflnternet connections than an unfamiliarity with the IIAS.

countries %Reqs □ %Byte

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• IIAS n e w s l e t t e r TSC6 • Aut umn 1995

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- Online access to library catalogues - Antiquarian Books

Photo file B (HTML j.o version)

with R. S. Kami M.A. of the Royal Institute o f Linguistics and Anthropology in Leiden. Their expertise

Find

The IIAS Index on the IIAS Information (Gopher-JServer The IIAS Staff The IIAS Research Fellows The IIAS Agenda The IIAS Newsletter Information about other IIAS Publications The IIAS Database The Secretariat of the ESF Asia Committee at the IIAS Vacancies

Computer Services’, of the University of Leiden which took care o f the technical side and in consultation

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VV (URL: http://iias.leidenuniv.nl) you will get a page with will go to a different page with more information about that particular topic.

I I AS I N T E R N E T

NEWS

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As shown in the graphs the IIAS site initially won itself a fast growing interest that is now staying steadily at the same level. This means, hopefully, that we have acquired a group of loyal users who will keep on using our site.

Complete List ■dsia Related Sites

6 815 65 26 168 34 5 11 188 541 879 55 10

The pages that have been consulted most are the home page (1931 times), IIAS info (188 times), antiquarian books (223 times), database (182 times), fellows info (125 times), newsgroups (186 times), newsletter (309 times), photo files (223 times), staff(141 times), and wwwsites (221 times). It is obvious that the IIAS WWW site is a growing centre of interest and we hope it will stay this way. We for our part will continue to update our site regularly and do our best to bring you quality information and interesting new features in the future. ^

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II Aut umn 1995 •

i i as n e w s l e t t e r

TsC6 • 1 1

IIAS

NEWS

HAS Nonnensteeg 1-3, Leiden Mailing address:

P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands Tel.:+3 1-71-527 22 27 Fax: +31-71-527 41 62 E-Mail: IIAS@RULLET.LeidenUmv.NL WWW: http//iias.Ieidenuniv.nl

______

*li

fc h

.: i i t ü : •'Itute

f o r As

S ta ff 1995 M

Prof W.A.L. Stokhof(Director) S.A.M. Kuypers, m .a . (Deputy Director) P.G.E.I.J. van der Velde, M.A. (Editor) C.H. Yang-de Witte, m .a . (Staffmember) I.D. Lasschuijt, M.A. (Assistant Editor) K. van Belle-Foesenek (Secretary) M.S. Gal (Secretary) C. Titahena (Database Assistant)

1 9 9 6

a y

Tentatively projected: INT

ITUTE

24 O c t o b e r

a jo in t Beijing University - IIAS sem inar on th e historical East W est relations. To be held in Beijing, P.R. China

1995

15 M a y 1 9 9 6

H im s e lf an d Project. A Serial A u tobiography.

A nnual IIAS lecture by Prof Wang Gungwu

Ourjoumey with a Sinhala Zealot, Anagarika Dharmapala. One day sem inar in Leiden organized by Dr M. Roberts, senior visiting IIAS fellow

25 O c t o b e r

Temporal^ S taff End

A.E. de Deugd, m .a . G. de Groot, m .a . E.J.C.M. G uitjens, m .a . M. Langehenkel Y.J.M. Sanders

M asterclass ‘Japan in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’

1995

Prof. G. Samuel delivers the lecture ‘Space, P o litics and th e Exem plary C entre in T ib etan S o cieties’

by P rof J. Elisonas

Early Su m

as the third lecture in the series supported by the collaborative research program m e ‘C ultural T raditions’. Please contact Dr D. Tooker at the IIAS for more inform ation.

2 6 - 28 O c t o b e r

M ay 1 9 9 6

mer

1996

Board

EFEO Pondichéry-IIAS sem in ar (in India} Organized by Dr F. Assayag (EFEO) and IIAS

2-6 Se p t

ember

1996

6 th In tern ation al C onference o f th e E uropean A ssociation o f S ou th east Asian A rcheaologists organized by Dr M. Klokke, IIAS fellow. Parallel session on Champa Sculpture.

1995

S ou th A sian Labour: Linkages - G lobal and Local (in Amsterdam] International conference organized by Dr P. M ohapatra, IIAS and Dr M. van der Linden, IISG

M 27-

30 O c t o b e r 1 9 9 5 ‘D em ocracy in Asia?’ [in Copenhagen)

October

Dr Y. Zhang, IIAS fellow, will organize a sem inar on tax laws in in tern ation al perspective

International conference

December

organized by NIAS and IIAS

Academic Committee

B irm a stu d ies (in London)

6-8

1995

ovember

Joint sem inar by IIAS [Van Schendel], SOAS [Taylor, Kratz], and NIAS

Dr S. M unshi organizes an international sem inar on ‘Im ages o f W om en in M ed ia’, in Leiden.

21 D e c e m b e r

1995

Asian A m bassador’s lu n ch w ith a lecture by Mr H.A.F.M.O. Van Mierlo,

19 97

ASIAN

INT

STUDIES

M inister o f Foreign Affairs. Organized by the IIAS. Projected activities:

January

rmmi m r*i I N T E R N ATI O N A L

INSTITUTE

1997

M ysticism in S ou th and Sou th east Asia IIAS, P rof Ben Arps (TCZOAO) and SOAS

Early

1997

‘ Islam , E th n icity and Secularism in C entral Asia and th e C aucasus’ Part II (in Amsterdam) Dr D. Douwes and th e Institute for Oriental Studies, Moskou

24-26 January

1996

‘ M od ern China: T he Literary F ield ’ International sem inar organized by D r M. Hockx, IIAS fellow

March

Sp r i n g

1997

Labour R elation sh ip s in Sou th east Asia. IIAS conference in cooperation w ith the IISG in Amsterdam

P ro f B. Arps (Leiden University) Dr C.E. von Benda Beckmann (Erasmus University, Rotterdam) P ro f P. Boom gaard (Royal Institute o f lin g u istics and Anthropology, Leiden) Prof. W.J. Boot (Leiden University) P ro f J.C. Brem an (University o f A m sterdam ) P ro f P. Kloos (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) P ro f D.H.A. Kolff (Leiden University) P ro f A. Niehof(Agricultura! U niversity Wapeningen) P ro f R. Schefold (Leiden University) Dr E.B. Vermeer (Leiden University) P rof B.N.F. W hite (Institute of Social Studies, T he H ague )

Programme directors Dr D.E. Tooker (International Institute/or A sian Studies) Dr L.M. Douw (Vrije U niversiteit Am sterdam ) Dr F.N. Pieke (Leiden University)

1996

M ee tin g o f representatives o f E uropean A sian A ssociations and ed ito rs o f E uropean n ew sletters o n Asia Organized by the HAS

17-19 Apri l

1996

H ierarch ialization International sem inar organized by Dr M. Vischer, IIAS

Sp r i n g

P ro f F. H iisken - C hairm an (Nijmegen University) P ro f H.W. Bodewitz (Leiden U niversity ) P ro f C. Fasseur (Leiden University) P ro f W.L. Idem a (Leiden U niversity ) P ro f O.D. van den M uyzenberg [University of Amsterdam) P ro f H.W. van Schendel (Erasmus U niversity, Rotterdam) P ro f H.A. Sutherland (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)

1996

June

1997

Dr Rint Sybesma and Dr Jeroen W iedenhof organize the ‘7 th In tern a tio n al C onference o n C hinese L ingu istics (ICCL 7)’ M

i d

1 9 9 7

A tlan tic C onference o n A sian Stu d ies (in Amsterdam) Joint organization by AAS (Campbell) and IIAS (Van der Velde)

IIAS in cooperation w ith the Indian Council o f Social Science Research (ICSSR)

E uroviet Conference about Vietnam in cooperation w ith H anoi N ational University and others.

12 - 18 M a y 1 9 9 6

Part I in Vietnam, w ith parallel session ‘C hanging Lifestyles’ Dr J. Kleienen (Convenor / Casa)

India - In d on esia

Research Fellows Dr C. Chou; Dr W.A.G. Derks; Dr M.L.L.G. Hockx; Dr J.E.M. H ouben; D r M.J. Klokke; Dr S. M unshi; Dr P.P. M ohapatra; Dr J.C.M. Peeters; Dr D.E. Tooker; Dr M.P. Vischer; D r Y. Z hang

Alumni Dr R.J. Barendse; Dr B. Bhattacharya; Dr L. Dong; Dr C.R. Groeneboer; Prof. B.J. ter Haar; D r M. Liechty; Dr P. Pels; D r R. Sybesma

The second International Conference on H ani-A kha C ulture (Chiartg Mai, Thailand) Organized by D r Deborah Tooker, IIAS fellow, in cooperation w ith the Tribal Research In stitu te in ChiangM ai. Co-organizer is: The South-east Asian M ountain Peoples' C ulture and Development Organization (SEAMP), a Thai NGO in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

1 2

•

h a s n e w s l e t t e r TSIS6 • A u t u m n 1995

Au g u s t

1997

Crim e and P u n ish m en t: C rim inality in S ou th east Asia International conference organized by P rof H.M.J. Maier Sponsored by the Joint Com m ittee on Southeast Asia of the Social Science Research Council, the American Council o f Learned Societies, and the IIAS.

International representatives P ro f J.G. V redenbregt (Jakarta, Indonesia) Dr W. Remm elinkjapan-N etherlands Institute (TokjoJapan) P ro f T. Saich Ford Foundation (Beijing, P.R. China)

éS

N E RAL N E W S

U nbiased and independent

Radio N etherlands

in Asia People who regularly tune in to Radio Netherlands, the Dutch international service, will have noticed the programming changes made in the past year. Radio Netherlands in now on air via short wave, medium wave and satellite with daily programmes in Dutch, English, Spanish, Indonesian and Papiamento. Through partnerships with radio and television stations world-wide, Radio Netherlands programmes can also be heard on local stations in the United States, Latin America, Indonesia and many other places. Last year. Radio Netherlands adopted a plan for restructuring and streamlining. This included a greater emphasis on transmissions for Europe, especially in Dutch. A new mission statement was formulated: to serve Dutchspeakers living abroad; to provide non-Dutch speakers with a realistic image of the Netherlands; and to provide unbiased information to countries where the media are less developed. By A rd i B o u w e r s

n Europe, the Dutch language ser vice (in cooper ation with the domestic pub lic broadcast ers) now broadcasts 12 hours a day on short wave, medium wave, and via the Astra satellite. In Latin Amer ica and the Caribbean, the Spanish language broadcasts have a growing audience because Radio Netherlands is supplementing its short wave transmissions with broadcasts via satellite and re-broadcasting on doz ens of local radio stations. Targeted specifically to Asia, Radio Netherlands has programmes in three languages: Dutch, English, and Indonesian. The Dutch trans missions are for Dutch people living in the region and cover a variety of Dutch and international news. Once or twice every 24 hours, listeners get an update of current international affairs and they can listen to back ground programmes that are mainly about Dutch affairs. Listeners are either holiday-makers, a fast growing group, or Dutch people living and working somewhere in Asia.

thought and culture in all its trans missions. However, a Dutch way of viewing the world does not mean looking at tulips, cheese, and wooden shoes, but involves talking about human rights, development issues, AIDS, child labour, euthanasia, etc. The fact that the Netherlands is a small country, usually not mixed up in world conflicts, can work in our favour. Radio Netherlands is one of the very few independent interna tional broadcasters, with absolutely no government interference. Listen ers appreciate that. During the Falklands conflict, listeners in South America turned away from the BBC to Radio Netherlands for indepen dent coverage. And listeners from India write that they like to hear another voice from Europe (other than the BBC, that is). For most lis teners to the English transmissions, Radio Netherlands is not the pri mary source of information. It usual ly supplements information provid ed by local, national, or international

television and radio stations. Listen ers turn to Radio Netherlands for another perspective on world affairs.

W F /M r—

Taboos in the Indonesian media The Indonesian transmissions are of a completely different nature from those in Dutch and English. They are targeted exclusively to Indonesia, where information is not easily accessible due to censorship. Such a clear, well-defined group of listeners makes programming easier than for the ‘world audiences’ of the English transmissions. Radio Netherlands offers views on political, economic and social developments in Indone sia, both from within the country and from abroad. Opinions that are often not shown on Indonesian tele vision or heard on the radio, in short, taboos in the Indonesian media. Owing to the close ties the Nether lands has had with Indonesia and to the fact that the Netherlands is known to the general public in Indo nesia — because of our colonial past- Radio Netherlands does play a role in providing Indonesian listeners with information. It is interesting to note that Radio Netherlands was originally set up for direct contact with Dutch administrators in what was then the Netherlands East Indies. In 1927, the Dutch govern ment started experimental transmis sions in cooperation with Philips for that purpose. In 1947, during the colonial war (euphemistically called ‘police actions'), transmissions in Indonesian and English were used as

The Pan AM Sat uplink on the roof o f the RNW buidling propaganda tools, to explain the position of the Dutch government to the Indonesian population and to the United States. With the changes in Dutch society over the years, espe cially since the 1960s, Radio Nether lands has asserted its independence from the Dutch government.

Shortwave: no gate-keepers! To be able to reach audiences all over the world, Radio Netherlands uses short wave transmitters in Fle voland in the Netherlands, on Mada gascar, and on Bonaire in the Carib bean. On top of that, Radio Nether lands is hiring transmitters in the former Soviet Union (powerful trans mitters that were used during the Cold War for propaganda purposes, and for jamming ‘hostile’ broadcasts). The latter move has improved recep tion, especially in Asia which has always been difficult to reach from Madagascar. The sound quality of short wave is inferior to FM, medium wave or sat ellite. But the one big advantage of short wave is that there are no ‘gatekeepers’. Short wave makes it possible to broadcast your own information from transmitters thousands of kilo

metres away from the audience, but also from the influence of regimes who would prefer to stop such infor mation from coming in. At the moment, the policy is to shift to sat ellite broadcasting where possible. But for places such as Indonesia, with strictly state-controlled media, Radio Netherlands will continue to rely on short wave for the years to come. Radio Netherlands has a television department, as well. Best known are its contribution to CNN’s Weekly World Report, but it also produces TV documentaries in cooperation with different television stations around the world. And last but not least, the Radio Netherlands Training Centre helps to train radio-makers from radio stations all over the world. Peo ple from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and many other places come to the Netherlands to receive radio training and, in turn, provide us with good access to those radio stations, and with information. And that’s what international radio is all about. ^

Ms. Ardi Bouwers is Current Affairs Editor in thé Asian Department of Radio Netherlands.

■MBPS

The ‘transmitter park’ in Flevoland, the Netherlands

Not ju st tulips and cheese The English language service tar gets local audiences (and that usually means the elite, people who are welleducated, ‘decision-makers’ in mar keting terms). A considerable part of the English language audience in Asia lives on the Indian subconti nent, where English is more widely spoken than in other parts of the region. To serve that audience well, Radio Netherlands offers a mix of regional and international news in the current affairs programmes and - where possible - a Dutch touch in the background programmes. Purely Dutch items are only included in the programmes when they can be pack aged in such a way that it becomes interesting to a world audience. But by the choice of subjects, interview ees and correspondents, Radio Neth erlands tries to convey Dutch Autumn 1995 •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

>C6 • 1 3

GENERAL

NEWS

UTRECHT,THE NETHERLANDS

UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID

Research School CERES

Asian Studies in M adrid U n iversity

As a research school CERES unites development-related research in six academic institutions, Utrecht University, University o f Amsterdam, Agricultural University o f Wageningen, Catholic University o f Nijme gen, Free University (Amsterdam], and the Institute o f Social Studies at The Hague. The school, as all schools in the Netherlands, has a dual function, to train PhD candidates and to coordinate research. The 20 odd PhD candidates who enter the school yearly, are comprised o f AIOs, OIOs from the Netherlands, as well as PhD candidates from abroad: through the ISS especially, candidates come from all over the world.

One o f the largest and oldest universities in the world, the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (founded in 1293,126,000 students] is about to start an Asian Studies programme. It is not easy to explain why Spain is comparatively late compared to other countries in launching such a programme, but perhaps the reasons can be traced historically. The Spanish presence in Latin America has led to more emphasis and academic interest being placed on those countries, just as the Mediterranean countries tended to focus more on the Arab countries. In East Asia, Spanish rule over the Philippines u ntil 1898 may have stood in the way o f relations with other countries in the area. This, combined more prosaically with the lack o f funds, may explain the lack o f specialists on Asia in Spain. In contrast to Italy, Spanish universities do not have an Oriental school or an institution that could function as a key centre, maintaining relations with Asia.

By W o u t e r v a n B e e k

X n its JLresearch pro gramme CERES focuses on resources, its N E W S guiding ques tions directing towards the processes of perception, access and management of natural and human resources in the first place, and in the second place towards the relation of resource dynamics to strategies for develop ment. Resources, then, in CERES par lance, are multiple: the natural resources of the physical environ ment as well as the human resources of labour, knowledge, capital, and organization. Thus, even religion can be considered as a resource, in as much as people can use it in their strategies for coping and in the pro cesses of identity formation. CERES research, and thus CERES PhD training, is multidisciplinary, problem-oriented and comparative. This means that CERES is organized along lines cross-cutting disciplines and continents. The projects are grouped into three 'clusters’. In the first the notion of resource centres on physical resources in relation to human resource management, tech nology and transformations in rural areas: ‘Ecology, Security and Rural Transformation’. The second cluster studies issues arising from urban industrial production in their rela tionship to development strategies, while the third group of projects addresses state and civil society rela tions and identity formation. In the projects of these clusters, the natural tendencies of researchers to cling to a geographical specialization and to disciplinary discourse is comple mented by the problem orientation they share. Interdisciplinary dis course, difficult as it is, is crucial to the CERES mission. Thus, the pro jects address issues of a general nature located in various continents, with the research supported by the various local units. For instance the project Comparative Industrializa tion, New Technologies and Labour Markets is the result of a cooperation between Amsterdam, the ISS and their associate INTECH of Maas tricht, and carries out research in Africa and Asia. The project ‘Ruralurban relations and labour issues’ unites researchers from Nijmegen, The Hague, Utrecht and the associat ed Africa Studies Centre in Leiden, and works on all continents. Not all major projects involve cross-conti nental comparison, and in not all of

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them are disciplines joined, but for the whole CERES programme it is deemed essential. The majority of CERES researchers work in Africa and Latin America. Even so, the number of Asianists in CERES is considerable. Development studies in Asia are carried out on several projects. In the first cluster research is done on systems of social security in Indonesia and India, relat ed to property rights and legal plural ism. The biologists of CERES, mem bers of the same cluster, work on tropical forest systems in China and the Philippines. The latter area is important in the research of one institute associated with CERES, the Centre for Environmental Studies at Leiden (CML). Drought-related research, though located primarily in Africa, finds some counterpart in research done in Rajasthan, India. The ecological opposite, the manage ment of coastal zones is primarly Indonesia-focused. Irrigation studies also concentrate mainly on Asia, i.e. Indonesia as well as India. Transfor mation of the rural economies and societies is very intercontinental, and as such includes quite a few studies of Indonesia, India, and Vietnam. In the Asian context, the various levels of socio-economic integration, the func tioning of markets, the problems of poverty and labour, of farm versus non-farm production, form the core of the ‘Asian commitment’of CERES. In the second cluster this rural research is complemented by research on industrial production in Asian cities, on living conditions and habitat in those cities, again mainly in India and Indonesia. Asia is under represented in the third cluster: the relations between state and civil society are studied mainly in Larin America and Africa, and the same can be said about the CERES studies on identity formation. Still, quite a lot of comparative work is done which does include Asian countries in its comparative parameters. Emancipa tion studies form an exception to this trend, as Sri Lanka and India are the main sites for this research. All things considered, the CERES involvement in Asia is considerable but far from complete. Cooperation with other research schools and institutes and coordination of future research endeavours will remain a leading CERES policy, espe cially for Asia. ^ CERES Heidelberglaan I P.O. Box 80140 3508 TC Utrecht The Netherlands

• HAS N E W S L E T T E R TSC6 • A u t u m n 1995

By F l o r e n t i n e ) R a d a o

■ p ecently, XVhowever, there have been various initiatives in Spain relating N EW S to Asian Stud ies. In the last decade, some univer sities have started to teach Chinese or Japanese languages in their undergraduate programmes, and have set up centres dedicated to research on Asia (mostly China and Japan). In 1993, Madrid University established the Instituto Complutense de Asia, which is an autonomous institution that serves as interme diary for Spanish companies wish ing to invest in Asia, in particular China. The institute publishes a weekly report on political and eco nomic news from China. In 1994 a new section was added to the insti tute, which concentrates on cultu ral relations and education, and a newsletter, aimed at Spanish profes sors in Asian Studies was launched, called Memoria de Asia. It has been decided that those professors who all work on Asia in some way, will meet regularly, and try to form a research group. These meetings can also be used as a way to exercise more pressure to increase the amount of Asia-related subjects in the programme. The Revista de Estudios Asiaticos is the first Asia-related journal edited by Madrid University, and the sec ond nationwide, after Revista Espanola del Pacifica. The first issue, which was published recently, was dedicated to the ASEAN countries (Los Pafses Emeigentes) with articles focusing on the future of Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. The jour nal will appear twice a year and the next issue will concentrate on China after Deng XiaoPing. There are also plans to start a monograph series, including a ‘guide’ to study ing and working in Asia.

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Decrees and program m es The 1995-1996 course will be a turning point for Asian Studies teaching in Madrid. At the under graduate level, Japanese language will be taught for the first time. The language courses will be held on the two campuses of the university, Moncloa and Somosaguas, and will be financed by the Japan Foundation.

The course can be chosen by stu dents from all disciplines. At the (post)graduate level three degrees will be offered: the Diploma de Estu dios Asiaticos (Sept.-Dee. 1995), the Mastersobre Asia (Jan-Dec. 1996) and the PhD programme (Nov ’95-June '97]. The Diploma on Asian Studies will include 150 hours of teaching divided into areas: China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. The Diploma is aimed at people who already work on the area and feel they need extra cultural back ground to Asia. Half the time will be dedicated to courses on Econom ics. The Master’s degree on Asia will focus more on language training, Japanese or Chinese in particular with the possibility for other Asian languages depending on demand.

One-third of this course will be spent on acquiring a good language ability. Other subjects will cover the whole ofAsia, including the Indian subcontinent. The PhD programme is entitled ‘Economic Perspectives on East Asia: an Interdisciplinary Approach’ and is given not only by teachers from Madrid University but also by foreign professors. By offering these degrees, the Complutense University Madrid is hoping to convince Spanish society that working in or with Asia requires specific language and interdisciplinary training, and that such a training should take place in the university. We hope that this only marks the beginning of the flourishing Asian Studies in the Spanish universities. ^

For more information:

Instituto Complutense de Asia Prof. F. Radao Somosaguas 28223 Madrid, Spain Tel.:+34-1-394 24 91 Fax:+34-1-394 24 88

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v. i o

GENERAL NEWS LONDON, GREAT BRITAIN

The Asia H ou se London Relations between Europe and Asia, the world s largest and fastest growing region hold out great promise for the next century. Europe urgently needs to improve its knowledge of this vast region, stretch ing from India too Japan, with over half the world’s population and the cradle of so many o f its great civilizations. A sia House 1 1 will pro vide a centre for deepening understanding of Asia today, its history, cul tures, and economies, and increas ing awareness of the opportunities ahead. It will establish close cooper ation with and offer facilities to, all those institutions, companies and cultural groups already active in this field. As well as being a forum for the interchange of ideas and knowledge, it will provide a showplace where Asia’s arts as well as its business, scientific and technologi cal achievements can be displayed. This initiative has been welcomed by Asian governments and by the European Union as part of its new strategy for Asia.

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Corporate programme A corporate programme will cover many aspects of doing business in the Asian countries: economic and social programmes for business men, meetings with visiting eco nomic and commercial missions from Asia, and luncheons and din ners with Asian personalities from the world of business and politics. The aims of this corporate pro gramme are: - to provide facilities where both European and Asian companies and organizations can mount seminars and displays designed to spread knowledge of their activ ities, investments and achieve ments in technology and design. - to provide occasions for contact between key decision makers in business and government - to establish a forum for business and economic discussion and study, and for scientific and tech nological interchange. - to provide a business service cen tre for visiting Asian business men.

Cultural programme Asia House will aim to spread an interest in Asian affairs to a much wider public through a varied and dynamic programme. All the arts of Asia, past and present, will be pre sented in a vital manner with appeal to all ages. The aims of this cultural pro gramme are: - to be a distinctive meeting place for the exchange of knowledge and ideas among all interested in the creative and intellectual life of Asian countries. To heighten awareness of the his torical, cultural and economic cross currents which are often over looked in isolated studies of indi vidual Asian nations or regions.

R u s s i a n S t a t e U niversity fo r t h e H u m a n i t i e s

T he O rie ■If! I n s titu te

- To foster the study of the arts and cultures and economies of Asian countries in the schools and edu cational community. While a number of organizations deal with aspects of relations with Asia and our museums house rich collections of Asian art, there is no single institution in the British Isles devoted to improving Europe an awareness of today’s business, economic and social trends in Asia, and understanding of its histories and cultures. That is the gap which Asia House will fill.

Structure Asia House will be a non-political, non-profit organization in the heart of London. The building will house a gallery for temporary exhibitions of Asian art, a hall for lectures and per formances, smaller rooms for meet ings, a centre for business services, a library and shop, and attractive reception and dining facilities. Asia House will be open to corpo rate and individual membership. It will aim to work in close coopera tion with other European organiza tions involved in Asia and with The Asia Society, New York. Its operation will be financed by subscriptions, sponsorship of events, revenue from its activities and income from endowments and legacies. Charita ble status has been obtained, an Executive Committee, Advisory Council and Development Board have been formed, and Executive Committees are being established in each Asian member country.

Funding Sufficient funds have already been donated to launch a first sea son of activities and contributions are invited towards the working capital. Major donations are now being sought to provide a building. Suitable premises are presently available at advantageous prices. The establishment of Asia House in London will be a catalyst for clos er and more informed relationships between Asia and Europe. The need exists and so does the opportunity. Now is the moment for action. ^

ASIA HOUSE LONDON A sia H o u se L o n d o n Chairman: Sir Peter Wakefield Lincoln House 28 Montpelier Row Twickenham TW I 2NQ United Kingdom Tel:+44-81-892 6390 Fax: +44-81-744 0961

The Oriental Institute was established in 1994 as a division of the Russian State University for the Humanities By Ilya S. S mi r n o v

in Moscow. It is both a scholarly

esearch .lAffellows working at the Institute | I include NEWS renowned stu dents of Orien tal cultures. There are also Russian and foreign associated members par ticipating in certain individual pro jects started by the Institute. The main direction of the Institute’s research is The Comprehen sive Study o f the Onental Cultures on the basis of concrete historical, lin guistic, ethnological, and archaeo logical data; special groups of schol ars have heen formed to that end.

institution whose members are

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engaged in research work and an educational establishment. The emergence of the Institute marked another landmark on the way towards the shaping of a more universal educational system, towards the restoration of Russian academic tradition where universities were both

Comparative Cultural Studies Research in the domain of compar ative cultural studies is based on the classical analysis of texts belonging to this or that cultural tradition of the Orient. This sphere of research, being a long-established, the best devel oped, and most traditional part of Russian Oriental Studies, is chosen as a basic area for scholarly and educa tional activity of the Institute. This area of research covers the widest range of topics, and is most extensive both geographically and chronologically, since it embraces the study of traditional poetic systems of many Oriental countries (during var ious epochs), as well as of oriental philosophy, history, and religions. Scholarly activity is realized in the form of permanent seminars: Culture as a Way o f Defining Meanings; Civiliza tion o f the Orient in the Mirror ofAesthet ic Self-Consciousness: self perception and dialogue o f cultures; Translanonjrom Oriental Languages as a Problem: trans lation and interplay o f cultures; East-Russia-East (the same topic, as a project, received a Soros Foundation Grant). In the work of the above seminars scholars participate whose area of research include Japan, China, Iran, the Arab Nations, and Africa.

Indian Studies The group of Indian Studies, head ed by Yu. M. Alikhanova, conducts research in the domain of Indian cul ture and literature. The issues of mutual influence ofNorth Indian and South Indian cultures are of spe cial interest to the group. The follow-

centres o f education and of scientific and scholarly research. In setting up the Institute we also attempted to overcome a certain Europeanism in the Humanities.

ing three areas of research are planned: Interaction and mutual influence of Sanskrit and Tamil theatrical cultures; correlation between theoretical poetological tra ditions of South and North; the His tory of shaping of certain poetic gen res (e.g., poems-messages, a genre that had been developed both by North Indian and South Indian liter atures).

The Centre for Linguistic and Ethnocultural Studies This centre, which is headed by A. Yu. Mil itarev, represents a compar atively new area of interdisciplinary research. Linguistic data are accumu lated and used as a basis for the reconstruction of ethnic and cultural history. The Centre’s activity will be focused primarily on gathering of

lexical material, its analysis and spe cial ‘processing’, to make it suitable for interdisciplinary research. The linguistic material obtained from the languages of Western Asia (the heart land of the most important innova tions of the preliterate epoch of human history, as well as those of early literate societies) and North Africa (the nearest zone to which those innovations were first spread and 'creatively' adapted to local con ditions) is the main source for the reconstruction.

The Centre of Non-verbal Anthropology The objects of material culture of Oriental peoples are the subject of research conducted by the Centre of non-verbal anthropology, which is headed by M.J. Nazarli. The notion of non-verbal’ texts of culture is being developed. The task is set to elaborate a special language and a new system of concepts which would enable the researchers to work with ‘non-verbal texts and to better describe them. Currently, the permanent seminar Non-verbal Sphere o f Culture is in oper ation. The institute participates in educa tional activity as well. Its members teach at different faculties and departments of the Russian State University for the Humanities. They deliver lectures both as a part of some larger course and as special courses in languages, history and most impor tantly, cultural problems of the East. Students and postgraduates attend the Institute’s seminars and partici pate in scholarly work of it perma nent fellow researchers. Among the plans devised by the Institute for the near future, two items are of the foremost importance: we plan to publish works of our fel low researchers and to take under our scholarly supervision a certain num bers ofpostgraduate students who apply to do the PhD degree. rhQ

T h e O rie n ta l I n s titu te Russian State University of the Humanities Miusskaya Sq. 6, Bldg 2 Moscow

The author is the director of the Oriental institute o f the Russian State University for the Humanities

Russia 125267 Tel: +7-95-250 6994/6733/6380 Fax:+7-95-250 5109 Email: afn@rggu.msk.su

Autumn 1995 •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

TCA • 1 5

GENERAL

Asian Studies in th e Centre o f F in lan d Anybody who ever chose to take up Asian Studies is familiar with the feelings o f beginner’s enthusiasm, fascination with the books full of pictures o f magnificent art works, excitement of the first field trip to an Asian destination - and the frustration o f not being able to talk about the research problems and ideas with anybody. The difficulties only grow bigger when the research progresses further, to post-grad uate level. Finally, there may not be anybody to comment on the the sis. I am not sure if these problems confront a research student in the main universities and centres of Europe, but they certainly make life difficult for students and researchers of Asia in a far corner of Europe like Finland. Tyvaskyla is a I university city with some 70,000 citizens about 275 kms north of Hel sinki. Asian studies are not part of the official programme of any of the university’s five faculties. Only the University of helsinki has a Department of Asian and African studies. Some other uni versities have recently started special Asian Studies programmes, but all these are still lacking at the other wise famed University of Jyvaskyla. There are no museums ofAsian art or ethnology in Finland yet. There are collections ofAsian arts and crafts at the National Museum in Helsinki, but they are seldom pre sented to the public and there are private collections scattered all around the country. The Asia Studies Group of the University of Jyvaskyla was founded in 19851 for the purpose of bringing together students and researchers of Asia. The members who had already been involved in the research work wished to help and encourage stu dents to choose Asian topics for their studies and specialization.

By I r e n e M o i l a n e n

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• Autumn 1995

NEWS

The idea was also to overcome a major problem which is usually a big obstacle to beginners, namely the lack of literature. The research members have collected good pri vate libraries of valuable reference material over the years, and they are able to help students with planning their fieldwork - it is true that we learn from our mistakes, but there is no reason to make them twice. The most important task for the Group has been reading and com menting on each other’s research papers. True, the members repre sent different fields of research, but we have seen this as a major advan tage. An art historian certainly needs the opinion of a cultural anthropologist and a specialist on Buddhism and why not also of a scholar of political science. And vice versa. The Group meets once a month with an optional topic. New students are invited to join whatev er their level of study is, and some of the meetings, at which the pro gramme includes lecture or visiting specialist, are also open to interest ed private persons. The Group arranged an Asia Research Day in the University of Jyvaskyla in Sep tember 1993 with a view to making Asian Studies better known in the University. A similar happening is also planned for this year. There are seven active research members and several students in the group. Besides this core, there are

many scholars from different fields who have Asian languages or studies as their serious hobby. The research topics vary from the politics,ofJapan and the pacific Rim to the Buddhist revival of the untouchables in India; from concept of void in Buddhism to Samurai ethics in Mishima's literary work; from aesthetic theory of Indian theatre to living art tradi tions in Myanmar; and finally to detailed study of Japanese folk cul ture. One example of a challenge taken on by a student is a study of Mongolian singing tradition including the voice technique in action. The collective library of the Group members is by no means modest. Some of the members have also collected folk art and popular traditions. Some exhibitions based on these collections have already been mounted. In the future the Group plans a series of lecture courses on Asian culture for other schools and institutions in Central Finland. Interest has been great, with the business sector by no means left out of the race. More and more people are meeting Asia, not only when travelling but also in their neighbourhood. The Asia Studies Group has proved its worth to its members. Maybe in the future it will be the basis for organized Asian Studies at the University of Jyvaskyla.

Dancing Keinnayee, half-woman half-bird celestial being from the exterior o/Thone H tat Kjaung monastery, built in 18705 in Sale, Myanmar.

GENERAL

NEWS

15-16 MAY, I 995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS RESEARCH SCHOOL CNWS SEMINAR

The annual seminar on oral tradition was held on May 15-16, 1995, at the CNWS headquarters. This year’s topic was ‘Oral Traditions and the Written Text’. The seminar was attended by 36 participants. Presentations were held by Philip Lutgendorf (University of Iowa), Makkee Kakkik (Arctic College Iqaluit), Selma van London (Utrecht University), Willem Adelaar, Ben Arps, Jarich Oosten, and Mineke Schipper (all o f them Research Cluster Intercultural Studies of Literature and Society), and Jan Jansen, Joke van Reenen, and Daniela de Merolla (all of them PhD candidates at the Research School CNWS).

Oral T raditions and th e W ritten Text By

Jan J a n s e n

r r ^ h e contriJ . butions covered a wide range of topics. Schipper and Van Reenen discussed the variety of genres through which oral accounts are incorporated into written literature. Kakkik and Oos ten focused on methodological aspects in the collection of Inuit stories, and Van Londen analyzed

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REPORT

the influence of writing on the structure and content of these sto ries. Lutgendorf and Jansen present ed case studies of the remarkable memory of performers of epic texts. Adelaar discussed the problems in the choice of language in Andes oral tradition, when stories must be made communicative out of their original context. Arps discussed a new phenomenon in the studies of oral literature: cassette literature in Java. De Merolla gave an insight into the sociological analysis of the position of Maghreb oral and writ

ten literature, which should be ana lyzed in relation to both French and Arab literature. All the contributors focused on particular cases and in the general discussion after the seminar this approach was considered to be very fruitful. In many presentations the concepts ‘orality’ and ‘literacy were criticized as the reification of an over-appreciated teleological dichotomy. Arps argued that litera cy also means orality, and texts are more fluid identities than is sup posed in the orality-literacy debate.

Much emphasis has been placed on the interaction between literary products and orality. As Ludgendorf stated: ‘Writing is an overvalued technology.’ Moreover, due to the variation in the contributions it has been showed that the study of texts require an interdisciplinary approach, as Schipper argued. For instance, Van Reenen’s and De Merolla’s contribution have unequivocally shown that texts can not be analyzed out of their politi cal context.

18-20 MAY, 1995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS

C olonial A nthropology in East and S outh east Asia This workshop discussed anthropology in the colonial era in Asia in a historical and comparative perspective. The actual focus was Japanese and Dutch anthropology in East and Southeast Asia in the colonial period, the aim was bringing together contributions by anthropolo gists from both these regions.

By Jan v a n B r e m e n

fl^ h e

following papers were given in this order:

Part II: Japanese Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia in the Colonial Period - Patrick Beillevaire (CNRS, Paris): Assimilation from Within: the ethnology ofRyükyü / Okinawa. *

P art I:

Anthropology in the Colonial Era: historical and comparative perspectives Akitoshi Shimizu (National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka) and Jan van Bremen (Leiden University): Anthropology in the Colonial Era: historical and comparative perspectives. Han Vermeulen (Leiden University): History of Anthropology in Colonial Contexts. - Peter Pels (Leiden University): The Colonial Subjects of Anthropology. - Ruud Janssens (Amsterdam University): Anthropologists at War: the Office of War Information, policy-makers, and postwar Japan (1942-1945).

- Timothy Y. Tsu (National University of Singapore): Japanese Government Anthropology in Taiwan (1885-1945). - Fred Yen-liang Chiu (Hong Kong Baptist University): Nationalist Anthropology in Taiwan after 1945-

Akitoshi Shimizu (National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka): Colonial Anthropology in Micronesia and the Development of Modern Anthropology in Japan. Katsumi Nakao, (Wako University, Japan): Japanese Colonial Policy and Anthropology in Manchuria. - Boudewijn Walraven (Leiden University): Ethnology in Korea in the Colonial Era (1910-1945). - Jennifer Robertson (Michigan University): Performing Imperialism: theater and the cultural strategies of Japanese colonial policy.

Part III: Dutch Anthropology in Southeast Asia in the colonial period - Jos Platenkamp (Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster): A Mirror of Paradigms: nineteenth and early twentieth century ethnology reflected in Bijdragen. - Michael Prager (Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster): The Relations between the ‘Leiden Structuralist School' and Dutch Colonialism {1916-1949). - Jan de Wolf (Utrecht University): Colonial Ideologies and Ethnological Discourses: a comparison of the United Faculties at Leiden and Utrecht.

Part IV: Evaluation - Eyal Ben-Ari (Hebrew University Jerusalem): Argumentative afterword. The scholars, researchers, and students who attended doubled the number of participants. They contibuted significantly to the discussions and debates and they are owed a debt of gratitude along with the speakers and the sponsors. It was decided to publish the papers.

r r ^ h e ComJL mision on Theoretical Anthropology (COTA) estab lished the ‘Asia Theoretical Anthropology Network (ATAN)’. To create a world-wide forum for theo retical anthropologists, a true ‘anthropologie sans frontières’, the COTA was established in 1993 as an official commission of the Interna tional Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES). To help to build global links among theoretical anthropologists, conti nental networks were set up. The Asian Theoretical Anthropology Network (ATAN) began its activities in 1994. Where COTA aims to reach theoretical anthropologists all over the world, the continental networks aim to reach theoretical anthropol ogists who work on a particular continent. To further the develop ment and utilization of the Asia network, a scholar is sought in Asia to work with the COTA Asia liaison officer. If the network is viable and grows, a small steering committee could be formed, consisting of scholars from Asia and the liaison officer. The Asia network could under take a number of activities. One of the first projects should be to con vene a workshop on theoretical anthropology in Asia. A selection of papers from this workshop could serve as the basis for an anthology on theoretical anthropology in Asia which COTA should like to publish in the next few years. Further ideas and propositions are welcome. At the moment the members of the

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ATAN network live mostly in East Asia. In order to make the network more inclusive the geographic and theoretical range should widen. Members of ATAN are asked to inform scholars working in theoret ical anthropology in their own country and other nations and bring the organisation to their attention. Membership in the COTA and ATAN network is free. Members receive the COTA Newsletter. The access to ‘Theoretical Anthropology’ (issn 1024-5804), COTA’s electronic journal, is free. The address of the homepage is: http://www.univie.acat /voelkerkunde/theoretical-anthropology ^

Correspondence, applications for m ember ship, and proposals concerning ATAN may be directed to the COTA Asia liaison officer:

Dr Jan van Bremen Leiden University Faculty of Arts Centre for Japanese and Korean Studies P.O.Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands Tel:+31-71-527 2539/2549 Fax:+31-71-527 2215 E-mail: VanBremen@Rullet.LeidenUniv.nl

Autumn 1995 •

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N 26 • 1 J

GENERAL

Research school CNWS: the f i r s t ISLS double lecture

The Exalted M onkey in China and India The Double Lecture Series sponsored by the research cluster on the Intercultural Study o f Literature and Society (ISLS) was brilliantly inaugurated on May 17th by Prof. Kristofer M. Schipper, from the Department of Sinology o f Leiden University and the École Pratique des Hautes Études (Paris), and Prof. Philip Lutgendorf, from the Department of Asian Languages and Literatures o f the University of Iowa. The ISLS Double Lecture Series thus acquired a strong interna tional character right from its inception. The starting point of the two guest speakers was the respective positions o f the figure o f the Exalted Monkey in Chinese and Indian religious and aesthetic tradi tions. The encounter between the Chinese Monkey King and the Indian Hanoman proved to be a fruitful one indeed. ' n the first — lecture Prof Schipper gave a wide-ranging historical sur NEWS vey of the vari ous manifesta tions of the Monkey King in Chi nese culture and society. Far from being confined to its prominent role in one of the great 16th-centu ry vernacular novels, TheJoumey to the West, the Monkey King is an ubiquitous figure. It is found in aesthetic and ritual traditions asso ciated with each of the three social strata constituting Chinese society: the folk, vernacular, and classical traditions. In the aesthetic realm this threefold social division corre sponds to three contrasting com plexes: folk theatre and oral story telling; vernacular prose, and clas sical poetry. In the religious realm the corresponding complexes are spirit-medium cult and possession trance, temple and priest-centred vernacular transfer rituals of heal ing, and ‘automatic’ writing. The aesthetico-religious complexes combine together in each social strata to express three specific social ideologies in which the phys ical embodiment of the Monkey King and its potential for creating disorder play a decreasing role as one moves away from the folk tra dition.

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The Cult of Hanoman In the second lecture Prof Lut gendorf first discussed the exuber ant richness of the iconographic representation of Hanoman as an expression of its widespread cult in contemporary Hinduism. Prof. Lut gendorf illustrated his communica tion with numerous diapositives and stories brought back from his recent fieldwork experience in India. Hanoman's prominence in current folk traditions was con trasted with what is found in scholarly accounts on Hinduism, which generally devote little or no attention at all to the ‘cult of Hano man.’ This is despite the fact that this figure also plays an important role in the ancient Sanskrit version of the Ramayana as well as in the IIAS n e w s l e t t e r

medieval Hindi RamcaritmcLms of Tulsidas. Although Hanoman appears in these two texts mainly as the exemplary figure of the per fect servant for Rama and his reti nue, his loving devotion (bhakti) overflows in all directions and shows an extraordinary energy (shakti). Being a heroic and divine monkey, Hanoman also reconciles the extremes of humanity and ani mality, as well as different social forms of religiosity, and his posi tion in Hindu folk religion can in fact be seen as a central one. Hano man is the figure par excellence of the messenger, the go-between, and the intercessor.

NEWS

7 - 1 2 JULY, I 997 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

The 35th In tern ation al C ongress o f Asian and N orth African Studies I’T ^h e 35th J - Interna tional Congress of Asian and North African Studies will take place in Budapest, Hungary from July 7-12,

RENCE

1997-

The Congress is organized by the Körösi Csoma Society (Association of Hungarian Orientalists) under the auspices of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

The general subject will be: ‘Oriental Studies in the 20th Centu ry: State of the Art’ (Subjects and Developments in the Past 100 Years. Apart from sections on the main divisions of Oriental Studies, special sections, panels and discussions on particular topics are planned. Sug gestions for such topics are wel come. An exhibition on the Silk Road is being prepared. Other exhibitions of relevant objects of material cul ture, photos and so forth, can be

One of the obvious aims of the Double Lecture Series is to promote comparative perspectives on litera ture and society. Prof Schipper’s socio-historical approach to religion and Prof. Lutgendorf s ethnographically oriented presentation of ritual and verbal art provided enlighten ing examples of the relevance of such comparative perspectives involving both different intellectu al disciplines and different cultural traditions. In the Chinese and the Indian civilizations, as well as in most others, animals are ‘good to think with.’ One may now add with confidence that the monkey is remarkably so, no matter whether ‘he’ deliberately eats all the heaven ly peaches of immortality and enrages the Chinese pantheon, or inadvertently swallows up the sun and plunges the Hindu world into temporary darkness.

NS6 • Autumn 1775

The first circular will be mailed in January r996. Interested scholars are kindly requested to contact the organizing committee at the Körösi Csoma Society. K örösi C s o m a S o c ie ty

Museum krt. 4/b H-1088 Budapest Hungary

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C all

A uthors

E A S T - WE S T CENTER C o n t e m p o r a r y Issues

‘Good to think with'

shown as well, if the organizers are informed in time. Bookshows by publishing houses are welcome.

The East-West Center is a public, nonprofit educa tional and research institution located in Honolulu, Hawaii. Estab lished by the U.S. Congress in 1960, the Center's mandate is to foster mutual understanding and cooperation among the governments and peoples of the Asia-Pacific region, including the United States.

A s ia

and the

P a c i f ic

A new series from Stanford University Press and the East-West Center Stanford University Press and the East-West Center have launched a new series that addresses contemporary issues of policy and scholarly concern in Asia and the Pacific. The series will focus on political, social, economic, cultural, demographic, environmental, and technological change and the problems related to such change. Preference will be given to comparative or regional studies that are conceptual in orientation and emphasize underlying processes. Works on a single country that address issues in a comparative or regional context are encouraged. Although concerned with policy relevant issues and written to be accessible to a relatively broad audience, works in the series will be scholarly in character and will meet the high standards for which Stanford University Press is internationally renowned. Inaugural volume, Fall 1995 Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, edited by Muthiah Alagappa Procedures for submission The Center invites interested authors to submit a prospectus and one or more sample chapters to: Bruce M. Koppel, series editor, Office of the Vice President for Research and Education, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848, U.S.A.

GENERAL

NEWS J

8-11

19-22 O c

t o b e r

, 1995

University o f California Davis, USA

INTERNATIONAL

ASAA 1996, tel: +61-3-96906744, fax: +61-3-96907155, Email: asaa@latrobe.edu.au

and the Migration o f Metaphors Prof Kay Flavell, fax: +1-916-7528630

t o b e r

, 1996

20th Anniversary Conference o f the Asian Studies Association o f Australia Communications with/in Asia

Rewriting the Pacific: Cultures, Formers,

21-22

uly

La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia

, 1995

8-12

University o f New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia

J u l y , 1996

West-Sussex, UK W ilton Park Conference Southeast Asian Security:

N inth Colloquium o f the Malaysia Society o f Australia Research on Malaysia: recent advances

coping with rising tensions W ilton Park Conferences, tel: +44-1903-815020,

P R O G R A MM E

Dr Amarjit Kaur, tel: +61-67-732874, fax: +61-67-733596

fax:+44-1903-815931

2 6 - 28 O c t o b e r , 1 9 9 5

29 J u l y

2 Au g u s t

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

West-Sussex, UK

I1AS/IISG Conference South Asian Labour Dr Prabhu M ohapatra [IIASj,

W ilton Park Conference US-Japanese Relations: Do they matter to Europe? W ilton Park Conferences, tel: +44-1903-815020,

tel: +31-71-5272227, fax: +31-71-5274162

2 7 - 29 O c

t o b e r

1996

, 1995

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Hongkong Museum o f Art Xubaizhai International Symposium

27-30

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Calcutta, India Nationalism and Peasant Struggles in Asia Dr K.N.N. Kurup (co-ordinator), Dept, o f History, Calcutta University, Box

, 1995

Copenhagen, Denmark

673635, Kerala, M alappuram , India

NIAS / HAS Workshop Democrat in Asia?

o v e m b e r

Copenhagen, Denmark 14th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies Dr Peter B. Andersen,

, 1995

Madrid, Spain

tel: +45-35-328957. fax: +45-35-328956

Fourth Symposium on Economy and C ulture o f Japan Meeting o f Cultures. Past and present University o f Complutense o f Madrid, Faculty o f Geography and History, fax: +44-1-3942488. 3 -4

o v e m b e r

, 1995

Madrid, Spain 2nd Conference M eeting o f the Spanish Association-for Japanese Studies Spain andjapan: History and Present Perspective o f an Encounter

m i d

15-19

o v e m b e r

, 1995

Milan, Italy 12th Annual Conference of Euro-Asia m anagem ent Studies Association The Asianjostestgrowing economies and

, 1995

, 1996

Modern China: the IttcraiyJield Michel Hockx, IIAS,

The European Social Science History Conference

tel: +31-71-5272227, fax: +31-71-5274162

Secretariat ESSHC, tel: +31-20-6165151, fax: +31-20-6890981

on Thai Studies Dr MR Rujaya Abhakom, tel; +66-53-221154/699 ext. 4501, fax: 66-53-222766/21952, email: thaistudy@ chiangm ai.ac.th

and Community C hristina Kreps, fax: +1-503-346 0802/2023, email: cfk@oregon.uoregon.edu , 1995

o v e m b e r

Japanese German Center, Berlin, Germany Japan: Economic Success and Legal System Dr Harald Baum, Max Planck Institut, M ittelweg 187,20148 H am burg F

all

12 F e b

D r Wolfgang Brenn, JGCB, tel: +49-30-250060, fax: +49-30-25006222

, 1996

Hierarchialization Michael Vischer, HAS, tel: +31-71-5272227, fax: +31-71-5274162

11-14 Ap

r i l

, 1996

48th A nnual M eeting o f the AAS Karen Fricke, tel: +1-313-6652490

ri l

, 1996

Honolulu, Hawaii Fifth International Philippine Studies Conference Marissa C. Garcia, tel: +1-808-9566086, fax: +1-808-9562682, email: m arissa@ uhunix.uhcchaw aii.edu

2 4- 26 Ap

19th International Conference on

1 996

Japanese Literature

o v e m b e r

, 1995

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Seminar on Comparative Literature Malay and World Literature: a convergence The sem inar Secretary, teL+60-3-2481011 ext. 311/312/321, fax: +60-3-2443875

1 5 - 17 N

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, 1995

Yangon, Myanmar Conference on M yanm ar and Southeast Asian Studies Traditions in Current Perspective

8-io

nuary

r i l

, 1996

London, United Kingdom

N ational Institute o f Japanese

, 1996

Annua! ASEASUK Conference Power and identity in Southeast Asia: local,

F ourth International Symposium

national and regional dimensions Anne Booth (email: AB10@SOAS.ac.uk)

on Language and Linguistics Pan-Asiatic Linguistics

or Irene Cum m ings (email: IC2@SOAS.ac.uk), tel: +44-171-3236190,

Dr Suwilai Prem srirat,

fax: +44-171-3236277

Bangkok, Thailand

tel: +66-2-4419514, fax: +66-2-4419517 7-10 11-17

nuary

, 1996

12-18

M a y , 1996

Chiang Mai/Chiang Rai, Thailand

9-13

Second International Conference on Hani-Akha Culture Deborah Tooker, HAS,

W ilton Park Conference

W ilton Park Conferences, tel: +44-1903-815020,

M a y , 1996

West-Sussex, UK

24 M a y , 1 9 9 6

fax: +44-1903-815931

Chulalongkom University, Bangkok 14th IAHA Conference D hiravat na Pombejra, tel: +66-218-4672/4675, fax: +66-218-4673

1997 Jan

3 -9

2 1 - 24 MAY,

Venice, Italy

In Search o f Elegance. Traditional Aesthetics in 20th CentuiyJapanese Art. Prof. Gian Carlo Calza, Institute of Japanese Studies, University ofVenice, tel: +39-41-5285801, fax: +39-41-5242397.

17-22

n e

uary

, 1997

Bangalore, India

1996

The T hird Venice Conference on Japanese Art

1996

China’s International Role: friction or cooperation?

tel: +31-71-5272227, fax: +31-71-5274162

20-

DECEMBER,

West-Sussex, UK

Honolulu, Hawaii

14-16

1995

ruary

Leiden, The Netherlands

Tokyo, japan

1 4 - 16 N

M a y , 1996

Annual m eeting o f the American Anthropological Association New Forms of Communication

tel: +39-2-5836 6850/6404/6410, fax: +39-2-5836 6892/6890

Literature, tel: +81-3-37857131 ext. 402/403, fax: +81-3-37857051

9-11

The Sixth International Conference

Identity and Canon: canon as a means o f modernization injapan and Europe

, 1995

nuary

Washington DC, USA

Japanese-German Center, Berlin, Germany

o v e m b e r

1996

ctober

Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands

good old Europe’: new challenges in economics and management Lucrezia Songini / Simona Spedale, Boccini University, Milan,

9-10 N

24-26

-O

Chiang Mai, Thailand

Leiden, The Netherlands

22-26 N g-ii

24 A u g u s t , 1 9 9 6

21-

Dr Hans Andöv, NIAS, tel: +45-31548844, fax:+45-32962530

2 N

24 A u g u s t , 1 9 9 6

20-

Perspectives of Twentieth Century Chinese Painting

Tenth World Sanskrit Conference Secretariat, tel: +91-80-3430017/3332759, fax:+91-80-3334541

nuary

, 1997

Leiden, The Netherlands Mysticism in South and Southeast Asia Prof. Ben Arps, tel: +31-71-5272222 early

, 1996

1997

Berlin, Germany

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

T enth European Colloquium on

Islam, Ethnicity and Secularism in Central

Indonesian and Malay Studies (ECIMS) The Indonesian and Malay World at the

Asia and the Caucasus (part II) Dr D. Douwes, HAS,

End o f the 20th Century: continuity, adaptation and change Prof. Hans-Dieter Kubitscheck, ECIMS

tel: +31-71-5272227, fax: +31-71-5274162

SOAS, London

Mysore, India

W ilton Park Conference

Indian Congress in Knowledge and Lang uages in Mysore Ranjit Singh, Congress Secretary, CIIL M anasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India,

India and her Neighbours W ilton Park Conferences,

1996, Siid-Ostasien In stitu t, H um boldt

tel: +44-1903-815020,

University Berlin, U nter den Linden 6,

Fifth Asian U rbanization Conference

10099 Berlin

Prof. G. Chapman, Dept, o f Geography, U. o f Lancaster, tel: +44-542-65201 ext.

fax; +91-821-515032

fax: +44-1903-815931

g u s t

, 1997

3736, fax: +44-542-847099

Aut umn 1995 •

has new sletter

Tsl?6 • 1 5 >

C E N T R A L ASI A Afghanistan • Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan • Mongolia Tadjikistan • Tibet Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan Xinjiang-Uighur

21- 25 AUGUST, 1995 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

The F ifth European Sem inar on Central Asian Studies

S ir T- .v

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Copenhagen University August 1995 was the stage for the Fifth European Seminar on Central Asian Studies. Assured o f the patronage o f His Royal Highness Crown Prince Frederik o f Denmark and with Tengri, the divine sky, in a radiant blue manifestation, conditions for a successful conference were optimal. More than sixty scholars from about twelve different countries were gathered. Most o f them came from European and Central Asian countries; but the United States and the rest o f Asia were also represented. By I n g r i d N o o i j e n s

IT Ihe particiJL pants were welcomed by Mr Vahman of the organizing Cars ten Nie buhr Institute of Near-Oriental Studies and Mr. Madsen of the University of Copenhagen. Mr. Christensen, lord chamber lain to the Danish Royal Court, who spoke a word of welcome on behalf of the crown prince, characterized Central Asia as the melting pot, the meeting point and the conflict area between Europe and Asia. Mr. Tonnesson, of the co-organizing Nordic Institute of Asian Stud ies, enthralled the audience with a flamboyant speech that gave the innocent, mostly non-Nordic lis teners, an unexpected insight into the turbulent past of the Nordic countries. At least as far as Asian studies is concerned, this animosity is a thing of the past. The governments of Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Nor way, and Sweden chose to cooperate peacefully in this field and founded the NIAS. The Nordic countries have no firm tradition in Central Asian Studies but they are planning inter disciplinary area studies in which Central Asia can have a place.

REPORT

M. Mozafjari, presenting his paper at the conference

Diversity

I Üri?

20 •

has n ew sletter

At the opening plenary the wide range of the conference became immediately clear. Participants came from more than twelve countries, spoke Eng lish, French, German, Danish, Rus sian, Persian, and so on, had differ ent disciplinary backgrounds, had been brought up in different • A u t u m n 1995

schools of thought (‘East’ versus ‘West’}, and differed greatly in age. But all were attracted by one of the various aspects concerning Central Asian culture or civilization. The first speaker was Mr. Mozaffari, originally from Khorasan, Iran, but who has worked at the Depart ment of Political Science of the Uni versity of Aarhus, Denmark, for many years. He presented a paper on a political subject. He argued that the Commonwealth of Inde pendent states (CIS) represents an interesting laboratory where almost all experiments are allowed as long as they have to do with cooperation and integration. So far the CIS has not produced any work able product. An analysis of the dif ferent experiments will probably help the scholar to provide a more qualified assessment of various future scenarios in the CIS and in the regional cooperation networks to which the Central Asian and Caucasian states have committed themselves. The second speaker at the plena ry, Mr. Gladney, from the Univer sity of Hawai’i, presented an anthropological view on a hotly debated issue; the question of national identity. He treated the phenomenon of the nation transgressing the nation-state in particular. The idea of a shifting context of identities was put forward. Gladney painted a picture of the diaspora of three social groups, known as Hui, Uygür, and Kazakh. In the presentation, enlivened by slides and clarifying statements about the above-mentioned groups, he tried to unravel the problem of multi-identity;’ how can a person who calls himself a ‘Turkestani’ be

both Kasghari and Uyghiir, Muslim and Turk, Chinese and Central Asian?’. He concludes that ‘iden tities are formed in relation to oth ers across the field of social and political interactions’. The question may not be ‘what is an Uyghiir but when is one an Uyghiir.' Poetically expressed by the words of Chuang Tzu, cited by Gladney: ‘if there is no ‘other’ then we do not have a ‘self, if there is no ‘self then we do not have anything to grasp.’ The rele vance of the topic became clear in the days which followed; many peo ple referred to the ideas reflected in this presentation. During the next four days the conference was split into four work shops entitled; ‘Past and Present’, ‘Identity and Nation’, ‘Central Asia’s Place in the World’, and ‘Envi ronment, Society' A wide range of topics were past in review. Two of the papers presented are published in this HAS newsletter. The full number will be published by the ESCAS in the near future.

'I love sp rin g ’ Probably one of the most ‘speaking’ parts of the conference was the charming video of Ali Attar about the traditional festivities around Nawruz. ‘I Swear, I Love Spring’ is a natural record of the cel ebration of this New Year’s feast in a Tajik town. The ceremony begins on March 21 and goes on for many days. According to Ali Attar, who is an anthropologist himself, ‘the Nawruz feast is one of the few preIslamic rituals which is practised today. It is not just a New Year’s ceremony but it also relates to spring and fertility rituals. After having been restricted for many years, the changed political situa

Celebration o f N aw ruz in the town Kulob. Photo: Ali Attar

tion in Tajikistan has now given the people the opportunity to celebrate Nawruz again. Nowadays it is an official holiday’. To relax the brains a trip to the National Museum was" organized. A Dane in traditional Mongolian dress guided the scholars to a theme exhibition entitled: ‘The Mongols; the Nomads of the Steppe.’ In the 1930s the Danish Mongolist Hen ning Haslund-Christensen brought collections from Inner and Outer Mongolia to Denmark. The exhibi tion consists of pieces from these collections together with objects from Tibet collected by Prince Peter in the 1950s. In 500 square metres it is hoped the visitor will be able to grasp an understanding of the tra ditional nomad life in the grass lands. To heighten the experience a ger, imported from Mongolia, has been erected, and many daily uten sils, as horse-tackle and cooking pots, are on display. Traditional clothing and jewellery can also be admired. Photographs show some scenes from the present life of the Mongols, who are now trying to find a new direction after the years of communism. The five days conference enriched the audience with infor mation on a great variety of topics. The different views mingled and clashed. During the week a Society for Central Asian Studies was founded. In the field of Central Asian Studies lots of thinking still has to be done. So: iris high time to return to the study!

CENTRAL

ili,| Tb.Scf

Jill lil t^Union ie^ov^gave et rise fill'll to a revision of Central Asian history. Although Central Asian historians of most of this century have been ‘formatted’ in the Marxist metho dology, which reduced everything to ‘class struggle’ and denied any human dimension, it is unaccept able to wipe out everything that was done in those years. We should by no means pretend to be blind and deny that it was during the years of the Soviet regime that universities and a highly elaborate network of schools were opened, industry started to develop, archaeologists discovered important monuments of the past, physicians successfully fought endemic local diseases, engineers constructed hydropower stations and illiteracy has overcome in Taji kistan. All this and much more per mits me to insist in a very modest way that it is quite impossible to accept a unilateral negative posi tion to the recent past of Central Asia. Having given this caution I shall return to my topic; let us see which periods in the history of the Tajiks have to be rewritten most urgently, and which problems seen from modern objective viewpoints, we. should investigate first.

ASI A nation. I am convinced that our duty is to convey the truth about them, a process which has already been started. The literary heritage of the Jadidists has now been pub lished.

Rewriting

I 1 | | 11 I >1 I I I

The benevolent Russian brother One of the most burning issues in our past is the Russian conquest. Central Asia was conquered by the Russian Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. Histori cally it was only another step in Russian colonial politics which had started in the fifteenth century with the move to the east. The Russian conquest of Central Asia was extremely brutal; we pos sess an impressive testimony of that terrible brutality in the pic tures of the great Russian artist Vereshchagin. In one of his famous pictures we see a huge hill com posed of human heads, heads which Russian soldiers severed from the bodies of defeated Central Asians. This colonial conquest was said to be the free choice of Central Asian nations whose single purpose was to be united with the great and most benevolent Russian brother! Here lies a very important task for historians: their obligation is to uncover all details, to describe day by day how Russia conquered Cen tral Asia; sources should be pub lished, archives opened, the requi site documents handed over to Cen tral Asian scholars. The world should know the truth about the real deeds of the Russians in Central Asia. Once conquered, Central Asia was made a deliverer of raw material for the Russian industry. As far as Taji kistan is concerned, the north grew more prosperous than the south. The south of the country remained under control of the amir of Bukha ra, who was, however, under Rus sian protection. The amir regarded the eastern part of his princedom as

A history of the Tajik

History By M . S . A s i m o v

M arxist ideology has undoubtedly left deep traces in the scientific thin k in g ofT ajik scholars. Academics in the young, independent state have to unravel their own academic research and the work o f their predecessors in order to sift scientific results from ideology. In this paper, presented at the ESCAS V, Mr. Asimov investigates the historical topics th a t urgently need to be reviewed. He also presents his views on the problem o f russification, a predom inant phenom enon in Soviet Tajikistan.

a kind of colony; thus the people of this ‘Eastern Bukhara’ experienced double exploitation; they led a mis erable life that is shown in the few contemporary documentaries that still are at our disposal. The area that we now regard as Northern Tajikistan was in a more favourable situation: it was under the direct rule of the Russian gov ernor-general in Tashkent. It became an integral part of the Rus sian Empire. The growth of Russia’s textile industry augmented the demand for cotton; this raw mate rial became the main agricultural product in the area. The growth of trade corresponded to that of agri culture and by 1914 the export of Central Asia was higher than its import. The growth of trade turned the Central Asian economy from an isolated, self-sufficient rural econo my into a steadily strengthening market-oriented economy. Thus Russian colonization also brought Central Asia positive innovations. Railways were constructed, new schools, and gymnasiums opened. We cannot deny the importance of Russian scholarship. Needless to say that all orientalists are highly appreciative of Professor Barthold and his incomparable scholarly her itage.

Enlightening on thejadidists Another matter is the anti-Rus sian resistance in Central Asia. Soviet historiography had to qualify this as a highly reactionary move ment. In the restudy of the resis tance movement we should first turn to role of the enlightened Jadidists. Soviet historians always asso ciated Jadidism with pan-Turkism; and indeed, Jadidist leaders expect ed support from Turkey and dreamed of the unification of the Turkish nations. Since pan-Turkism implied a change of orientation from Russia to the Turkish nations, it was systematically repressed by Russia, along with Jadidism. In the years of Stalin’s purges the majority of the Jadidists disappeared, even people loosely connected with them did not escape Stalin’s hand. The Jadidists were painted very black indeed and absolutely no research on their real ideas and actions was permitted: one had simply to repeat the official formulas. We know now that the Jadidists were not reactionaries. They were critical of the stagnation in the old princedoms, and they were against the feudal regime. The Jadidists were fighting for progress in Central Asia, for the well-being of their

It is very important to rewrite the history of the Soviet period, which was until recently the favourite peri od for research. At the same time it was the period most subject to con trol: one could only write what corre sponded closely to the official views. For that reason the enormous bulk of books, articles, and dissertations which deal with this period must be read more than critically. The main topics for this period are the so-called revolution in Bukhara, the civil war in Central Asia, the redistribution of land, and water, the collectivization and industrialization, and the Com munist Party’s politics in the realm of culture and education. I would like to stress once more that we have to be very cautious in order not to swing from one extreme to another. We have already started this work in Tajikistan. The Institute for His tory, Archaeology, and Anthropolo gy of the Academy of Sciences is pre paring a history of the Tajik People from the most ancient times up to our own day. The first two volumes, which deal with ancient and medie val history, are ready for print.

I 'mm

Celebration o f ‘Nawruz’, Tajikistan. Display o f traditional food. Photo:Mi Attar

Russification Let us discuss one of the problems that was of paramount importance to my nation as well as to our neigh bours during all the years of Soviet rule: the problem of russification. Russification embraced a wide spectrum of different issues: lan guage and script; perception of the cultural heritage; understanding of national identity; family and every day life; rituals and traditions; dress and food; everything underwent russification to a greater or lesser degree. Ultimately it reflects the glo bal problem of'Wesf versus ‘East’. The opposition o f‘West’ to ‘East has a very long prehistory. It finally took its shape in the nineteenth century, when the European coun tries built their colonial empires A popular thought was that an abyss separated ‘West’ and ‘East’. We know the verse by Rudyard Kipling: ‘Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stay presently at God’s great ju d g m en t Seat’... This was a global opposition, but it was even thought that eastern and western brains functioned in different ways, that not only cul ture, but patterns of thinking dif fered drastically. And the saddest thing was the lamentable idea about the absolute superiority of the ‘West’ compared to the ‘East’. This is an extreme Eurocentric vision that first of all ignores the differences between a brilliant variety of Oriental cultures and civ ilizations. Western culture is only one of the many cultures that have emerged in the history of mankind. The problem of russification should be analyzed from this point of view: to what extent did russification destroy our traditional cul

ture and to what extent did it lead to a blend of eastern and western culture. We have to separate two things: first, the compulsory russification, which certainly was a violation of the very basis of our life; second, the nat ural and beneficent process of open ing Russian and Western culture to the population of Central Asia. Compulsory russification started immediately after the conquest, the first tsarist governor-general of Turkestan, General Kaufman, expressed his views quite succinctly, when he said, that ‘the development of education in the area should move in the direction of what is necessary for Russians’. After the Russian revolution exact ly the same politics continued to dominate, the only difference being a rather transparent veil of hypocrisy. Language politics gave obvious expression to russification. Though it was officially, even solemnly, pro claimed that all languages were equal and have the same rights, practically speaking some languages were more equal than others, and the ‘most equal’ was, of course, Russian. Rus sian was not only used for interethnic contact, it was introduced to serve as a language for all kinds of official and semi-official documentation; it was even impossible to send a cablegram in Tajik. Non-Russian languages were expected to function in a very restricted area - in countryside settle ments and for the writing of fiction. Only after 1989 did it become pos sible to proclaim Tajik the official state language; however, the war and economic problems have not allowed us to do now what we intended. But several positive steps have been undertaken: There were many other examples of russification, for instance, our national holidays and feasts had been forbidden, instead new soviet feasts were introduced. Now the sit uation has changed; we have again our Nawruz and Mehrgan, Idi Qurban, and Idi Ramazan. As I already told you, it would be a great mistake to consider everything connected to the Russian culture as compulsory russification. Through Russia we adopted many highlydeveloped forms of culture, we have now our national operas and sym phony orchestra, novels and modern poetry, painting and sculpture. Tajik translations of Shakespeare helped us to raise a generation of talented actors, who are popular far beyond the frontiers ofTajikistan. We have a keen appreciation of the great humanistic culture of the West, which should pertain to the whole world; as do the great cultures of the East. It is impossible to solve and even to enumerate all the prob lems we have after we achieved Inde pendence. Our expectations are for the future. ^

M.S. Asimov is affiliated to the Tajik Academy o f Sciences, Dushanbe

Aut umn 1995 •

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NEWSLETTER

TsC6

•

2 .1

CENTRAL

Th e N e w ly B orn E uropean Society fo r C e n tra l Asian Studies (ESCAS} In 15184, d u rin g th e s h o rt a d m in is tra tio n o f A ndropov, a g ro up o f scholars fro m the In s titu te o f O rie n ta l Languages and C ultu re s o f the U n iv e rs ity o f U tre c h t set o u t fo r the USSR. A m ong the places they visited were the C entral Asian R epublics o f the Soviet U n io n . D u rin g th is tr ip the travellers perceived the w ish fo r an independent p la tfo rm on C entral Asia studies. They retu rn e d w ith the idea o f b rin g in g about a closer cooperation between Europe and the USSR in th is fie ld o f study.

By I n g r i d N o o i j e n s

I* ^ ■ \

In fro n t, to the right: E. C hyliiuki, president o f the ESCAS. To the left: R. U baiduliaeva o f the M inistry o f Labour, Uzbekistan

Further information on ESCAS can be obtained from the secretariat T. Atabaki

Department of Oriental Studies

A c tio n was /"J L taken and in 1585 the First European Seminar on Central Asian Studies was held at Utrecht, the Netherlands. About th irty scholars from ‘East’ and ‘West’ assembled to exchange th eir views and to share the results o f th eir research on different aspects o f Central Asian civilization and culture. Three more Seminars followed, held respectively at Lon don, Paris, and Bamberg. In these firs t years the character o f ESCAS was inform al; there were no official members or regulations; it was a gathering o f souls interest ed in the same geographical area. An area that was fast developing in a separate field o f study. The year 1995, the year o f ESCAS V, held at Copenhagen, marked a change. The unheard o f results o f the hectic developments in the ‘East’ led to the conclusion that tim e had come to grant the ESCAS a form al status. Ten years after the firs t meeting the ESCAS was trans formed from a Seminar in to an o ffi cial Society for Central Asian Stud ies. A firs t board has been elected, w ith seven members, all from d if ferent European countries. The board has to be a European enter prise b ut any scholar in the field o f Central Asian Studies can jo in the ESCAS as a member. The firs t elect ed president o f the Society is E. Chylinski from The Nordic In s ti tute for Asian Studies, Denmark, the vice-president is V. Foumiau from L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and the sec retary is T. Atabaki from the Department o f Oriental Studies, Utrecht, the Netherlands. The ESCAS has lots o f good intentions: the organization o f an European conference on Central Asian studies at least every th ird year, publica tio n o f a guide on Central Asian studies, workshops, a new sletter...

D rift 15 3512 BR Utrecht The Netherlands Fax:+31-30-2536138

• I I A S N E W S L E T T E R Tsl?6 •

T h e A ssertion o f The paper ‘The assertion o f th e Uzbek n a tio n a l id e n tity : n a tiv iz a tio n or the s ta te -b u ild in g process?’, presented at the ESCAS V, has a solid base in the fie ld w o rk M rs. Koroteyeva and M rs. M akarova launched ten years ago in U zbekistan. Like o th e r Soviet successor states U zbeki stan is c u rre n tly engaged in a n a tio n a liz in g project, th a t is: b u ild in g a state w h ic h is le g itim iz e d as a state fo r a p a rtic u la r e th n o c u ltu ra l n atio n . Measures undertaken to consolidate the lin k between the c u l tu re o f a t itu la r n a tio n and the state are s im ila r th ro u g h o u t the w hole post-Soviet space. They in clu d e a scrip tio n o f o ffic ia l status to one language, p ro m o tio n o f n a tio n a l cadres, large-scale in v e n tio n o f ‘n a tio n a l’ festivals and a re w ritin g o f h istory.

By V i c t o r i a K o r o t e y e v a and E k a te rin a M ak a ro v a

V ic to ria Koroteyeva

and Ekaterina Makarova

are affiliated to

The ESCAS is planning for the future; undoubtedly we’ll be hear ing from them! ^

E-mail:Turaj. Atabaki@Let.Ruu.nl 2 2

ASIA

the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow.

A u tu m n 1995

T ^ h e process o f building the A national state is tig h tly inter twined w ith the process o f b uilding state institutions, which m ight allow the ru lin g elites to exercise close control over society. We would like to analyze how successful this policy is at the lowest level o f state adm inistration, where state and traditional popular institutions tend to coincide. In Uzbekistan, as in Tajikistan, there were already structures which could serve to underpin the state-building pro cess. However, while Tajikistan has experienced state-building failure, coupled w ith nation-building fa il ure, Uzbekistan has turned out to be more successful on both accounts. It has much to do w ith the overall continuity o f policy in the post-Independence and postSoviet period, despite a certain ideo logical fle x ib ility o f the Uzbek lead ership. The term ‘indigenization’ is not used in the official vocabulary. Instead the state prefers to stress the ‘restoration o f the national trad ition ’. We w ill try to show that nation and state-building occurs by appropriating specific local in s titu tions. By doing so, the state alien ates other, non-indigenous groups and sets lim its to who can be included into the Uzbek nation. In the course o f our fieldwork in Uzbekistan, which started ten years ago, we have been able to observe how the attitude o f the Uzbek state towards the most peculiar local institutio n, the neighbourhood community, has changed. This change reflects the stages o f official national assertion in Uzbekistan immediately prior to Independence and in its aftermath. We w ill use the example o f the malhalla (neighbourhood commu nity) to illustrate how traditional Uzbek institutions have merged w ith Soviet structures and how this heritage is now mobilized by the modern Uzbek state.

Determining daily life The neighbourhood com m unity in Uzbekistan is variously called malhalla (mostly among Uzbeks] or quzar (among Tajiks). We w ill use the Arab term malhalla because i t is more widespread and fam iliar to specialists o f Islamic institutions.

Being a neighbourhood comm unity in a quarter, the malhalla deter mines the whole range o f social relations o f an individual in daily life. It is not a vanishing in s titu tion, a simple remnant o f the dis tant past, as is the case in many M uslim countries, but a livin g u n it which even continued to flourish during the Soviet era. The malhalla appears to be a real group, which imposes certain obligations on its members and thus involves them into a web o f m utual responsibil ities. Every event in the fam ily attracts neighbours, b ut on major occasions such as weddings or funerals, the whole com m unity assembles. Inevitably this common activity means that all members o f the malhalla are involved in m ateri al relations; a constant flow o f gifts and services. Apart from reliance on personal assistance o f neighbours, the fam ily can count on the in s titu tional support o f the malhalla as a whole. The malhalla puts a whole range o f objects, such as tables, benches and utensils, at the dispo sal o f any member o f the commu nity whenever these are needed. I f necessary, the tea-house(chaikona) can be used for various communal gatherings. Many valuable services are available w ith in the malhalla its e lf One always knows who to invite to pronounce a prayer, to mourn at a funeral, or to circumcise a boy. In exchange for the support and services the malhalla provides for individuals and families, it exacts complete loyalty on their part. Par ticipation in all communal activ ities, which include not only attending the festivals but also, for example, cleaning streets, guarding the territory at night, assistance in b uilding chaikhona, is obligatory. Every man is expected to provide his services to the malhalla depending on what he can offer. To be excluded from communal life means to be bereft o f the support o f other peo ple. To find oneself alone in the face o f extraordinary circumstances is the greatest threat. The motive ‘i f something happens' is often used when people explain their loyalty to kinship or to the neighbourhood community.

Malhalla as a Soviet institution While the malhalla fits the notion o f the typical M uslim com m unity o f a quarter, the com m unity we found in the mid-1980s can equally be called a typical Soviet bureau cratic institutio n. It had a form ally elected head o f community, who was in fact appointed by the region al party committee. A head o f a malfialla was assisted by the ‘mallialla committee’, which was a Soviet

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the U zbek N ation al Identity to be cognizant of the financial cir creation, though it fitted harmoni cumstances of different households ously into the traditional form of and to distribute aid according to communal organization. A number needs. This, however, turns out to of specialized commissions with be a very contentious issue. perfect Soviet labels dealt with such The malhalla is mobilized every matters as women’s problems, time the state needs reliable infor veterans’ problems, and the organ mation about the inhabitants of the ization of family and civic festivals. quarter. In Soviet times the malhalla The malhalla organized ideological already maintained intensive con campaigns, and lectures on the tacts with local militia. In the case international situation. The room of felony the district militia officer occupied by the committee was would first contact the malhalla, designed using Soviet symbols and before starting an official investiga hung with portraits of communist tion. leaders. The committee was sup Now the malhalla has a right to posed to provide accounts of its approve the candidature of a district activity to higher Soviet institu militia officer. At present the mal tions. A special body was created at halla is involved in the drafting for the district executive committee to military service. It registers all the coordinate the activity of all malhalconscripts living in its territory and las in the territory of the district. its representative is present in the While in Soviet times the state district selection committee. was interested in only one aspect of A tax inspector will first collect communal life, the ideological one, information from the malhalla com the new Uzbek state tries to formal mittee and only then will proceed ize even those aspects oflife that visit the house. usually escaped its control. The mal halla has always been a cell of soci State politics ety, but now attempts are made to In the period following Indepen make it a cell of the state as well. It dence party politics had almost dis is being created in an untraditional appeared. Though the former Com setting - in areas with multi-store munist Party was transformed into buildings, and it trends to include the Popular Democratic Party, the even the non-Asian population, for merger of the local party and Soviet whom this form is unfamiliar. A executive bodies and the creation of new unified structure, involving the khakimiat as a state executive both the city and the village, is body made party structures super being created. State-building, fluous. which it is in reality, is legitimated Political propaganda at the local by appeal to popular tradition. level has also lost its importance. In The economic function of the the previous times each malhalla was malhalla corresponds to major attached to a party cell in higher directions of the state economic pol educational institutions, enterprises, icy. In the perestroika years, espe or research institutes. Special lectur cially in the closing period, the mal ers were appointed to pass on politi halla committee distributed ration cal propaganda or ‘enlightenment to ing cards for basic food stuffs. The local inhabitants. Now the Popular distribution of goods was organized Democratic Party has resumed to its though local shops, serving the strategy ofgrass-roots activity. How neighbouring malhallas. Thus the ever, now the stress is put more on so malhalla authorities had control called ‘spiritual work’ rather than over commerce and could do some direct political propaganda. The thing to remedy for the tendency to party cells in the community orga divert goods to the black market. nize lectures about prominent fig When the state started to encourage ures from national history. Quite cooperative enterprises, the malhal recently special events were held in la was granted a right to set up its Samarkand to commemorate Timur own production units, workshops, and others. and to lease land and buildings to The malhalla provides other oppor small enterprises. This stage, how tunities for state politics, which so ever, did not last long, as the privi far have been underestimated. The leges given to malhalla did not allow polling district could easily coincide the state to tax the newly created with the territory of the malhalla or production properly. With the of a few malhallas and the polling demise of the Soviet Union, the col booth could be placed directly in the lapse of the local economy and the chaikhona rather than in a state insti dramatic drop in living standards of tution, such as a school or a club. The the majority of the local population, first experiences of organizing elec the state organized large-scale dis tions this way were quite encourag tribution of social benefits through ing. As the h^ad of a coordination the malhalla. At present it is one of committee on the malhalla described the most important functions of it: ‘they are used to coming here (-to this institution and the one which the clunkona-] for information and gives rise to numerous conflicts. certificates. They will find the way The malhalla committee is supposed

tification in contemporary Central Asia. In Samarkand, for instance, the distinction between ‘ethnic’ Uzbeks and Uzbeks according to the territorial(state) notion of the term is par ticularly subtle. The Uzbek-Tajik interaction is a case in point. We assume that difference in high cul ture - one based on Persian, the other on the Turkish language, does not create the ethnic border which would divide the two communities. Both share the same everyday culture in terms of food, clothes, rituals, beliefs. The common religion, Islam, is only a partial explanation for the cultural unity. The Islamic institu tions characteristic of urban Uzbeks and Tajiks were traditionally absent in the countryside and were not spread among other Muslim peoples of Central Asia. It is in the sphere of social relations that the search for the roots of common culture is prob ably the most fruitful. We were interested in how people of Tajik ancestry, who had to be registered as Uzbeks, would designate themselves. Telling their life stories our respon dents spontaneously referred to themselves sometimes as Uzbeks, sometimes as Tajiks, without seeing any contradiction in this. They would not deny that their native lan guage was Tajik nor that they grew up in a Tajik environment. One of our respondents explained that if he lived in Tajikistan, he would be a Victoria Korotejeva, presenting her paper at the ESCAS conference. Tajik, but here, in Uzbekistan, he is an Uzbek. We find this a good case for the territorial notion of nation approval of a higher authority. After even with their eyes shut’. hood. This notion is acceptable to the festival, heads of the quarters The new Uzbek state searches for both the state-forming nation and exchange their experiences in an its own identity stressing its distinc the ethnic minorities which are effort to work out recommendations tion mainly from Russia. It is evident invited to share in it. for improving the ceremony in the that the state is inventing celebra Nonetheless the Uzbek identity future. tion of civic festivals which did not apart from the territorial terms exist before. The major state festival could not and cannot be extended to 'Our n a tio n a lity’ in Uzbekistan at present is the day of include all ethnic minorities living The attempts to introduce the mal Independence (the first of Septem in Uzbekistan. The case of the Rus halla and malhalla-activities into new ber). As there is still no elaborate sce sians is especially evident. Here eth districts of the city (malhallazadon as nario of how to hold this festival at nic identification is strong, and the officials call this process) have been the local level, malhallas are encour distinction between Russians and fruitful mainly where so-called ‘local aged to use customary forms, com indigenous peoples is obvious. No nationalities’ live. According to the mon for the Soviet festivals, such as attempts have ever been made to words of a district-officer responsible sports competitions, non-profession integrate the whole population of a for coordination of malhalla activ al music festivals, chess champion multi-ethnic republic into the ities: ‘We have prompted them, tell ships, or mass racing. The malhallas nation. Now the division between ing them how to stage the events, for are supposed to make a stand, which the indigenous and the non-indigeinstance Navruz or the Victory day. should characterize its achievements nous population is even more pro Representatives of our nationality all and celebrate honoured citizens. nounced. The efforts of the state to have the necessary skills’. What is State sponsorship of popular mobilize traditional institutions meant here by ‘our nationality’ is not feasts, especially those that are most into its own structure may be con an ethnic group: Uzbeks or Tajiks, ly neutral in their religious content, sidered unacceptable by other but it refers to the native, indigenous is another case of the large-scale groups, which are used to relying on population. By the same token our ‘invention of tradition’. Navruz, a more formal ties. If we try to answer respondents often called themselves celebration of the New Year in the the question, stated in the title of ‘we, nationals’, which brings us to a Iranian tradition has been turned our paper, we have to contend that wider question: what does it mean to into what is virtually the central the state-building process in Uzbeki be an Uzbek and how does the mean state festivity. The way it is orga stan is simultaneously the process of ing of the term ‘Uzbek’ correspond to nized resembles the Soviet cam nativization (indigenization). It is various models of nation-building paigns of the earlier years: thorough the promotion of local institutions that Uzbekistan might choose? planning, agenda, accounts of how it and practices. And those who accept The stress on local cultural roots is was held in each locality. The scale of them can claim legitimate member very important in assessing the sali celebrations (measured in amount of ship in the Uzbek nation. ^ ence ofdifferent forms ofselfidenfood cooked) is also submitted for the Autumn

1995

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has new sletter

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Bangladesh Bhutan

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VOC sites in India

India • Ne p a l

P a k i s t a n • Sr i L a n k a

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M o n u m en ts Decay and N e g le c t

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By H a n s W . v a n S a n t e n

Scattered along the long coast line o f India one is still able to find the remnants o f the 200year long presence o f the Dutch East India Company (VOC]. Such remains are concentrated along the coasts o f Gujarat, Kerala, Tamilnadu, and West Bengal. In cities and villages such as Cochin, Chinsura, Negapatnam a traveller will be able to find - often with considerable diffi culty - an old factory, a cemetery, warehouses, and garrisons. It is difficult to estimate the total number o f all the sites which recall the VOC presence, but I think it is a fair estimate that in total there are still some thirty or forty VOC sites in India. These are witnesses to the impressive trade conducted by the Dutch Company during the 17th and 18th century - the export o f pep per, cotton cloth, silk, opium and a host o f other goods and the import o f spices from the Moluc cas, silver from Japan, and some European goods.

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ndia was one ofthe cornerstones in the all-Asia trading system the Company developed. Often its important role within this Asian trading network system is underestimated. The trading rela tionship did not evolve into a colo nial relationship as was the case in Indonesia, but its importance is well established: as Om Prakash has shown, in Bengal many tens of thousands of weavers depended upon the VOC demand for cotton and silk. In Kerala, the East India Company played an important role in state formation. My own research on Gujarat and Hindustan in the seventeenth century describes the crucial importance of the VOC as the largest foreign trader in these areas. The collapse of the VOC at the end of the eighteenth century also marked the end of the Dutch pres ence, although in some cases facto ries remained operational for some decades into the 19th century. All that remained afterwards were fac tories, forts, churches, cemeteries

• h a s n e w s l e t t e r TslP6 • Autumn 1995

and some garrisons. After having visited some of the old VOC sites in India, I believe that they all have one thing in common; the fact that they are neglected and that the con dition of most of these important historical and cultural monuments is deteriorating very rapidly. They are monuments to decay and neglect. Owing to rapidly expanding urbanization in India, the land on which these monuments stand is often in great demand and so are the bricks, wooden parts, etcetera. If nothing happens, the combination of the monsoon, the extreme heat in the summer, and theft will mean the total disappearance of these monumental remnants of Dutch entrepreneurship of the seven teenth and eighteenth centuries and the interaction between Dutch and Indian culture.

Action plan My suggestion would be to try to work out a sort of VOC conservation action plan for India. The first stage will be to make an inventory of what still remains. To my knowl edge no fully documented descrip

tion of all Dutch sites exists although I know that over the last decades attempts have been made to compile such a work. The CNO, the Foundation for the Cultural History of the Netherlands Overseas, also has a very successful collection of descriptions and pictures. What is urgently required, however, is to make an updated list of all objects in India, giving full details of the sites and the actual physical state of the objects. The second phase could be to make a shortlist of priorities. To attend to all the sites at once will be too much of a financial burden; what is needed is to make a list of say ten objects that require the most urgent attention and an anal ysis of how to restore them as effi ciently and cost effectively as pos sible. The last phase could be to actually start restoring these monu ments. Participation of Indian organizations, such as the Archaeo logical Survey and Indian NGOs in the field of cultural heritage, would of course be crucial at all stages. The crux of the problem will be how to finance the project. This is particularly relevant to the actual phase of restoring some of the mon uments. The making of a fully

The remains of the D utch Fort at Sadraspatnam near Madras. Photo: Vortex

detailed inventory and analysis of the objects deserving priority inter est can be done on a limited budget. There are reasons for optimism. Once a good project proposal has been drawn up, financing will fol low, either from the public sector or through private donations. This is only a very general sketch of how efforts might be made to ensure that the rapid deterioration of VOC sites can be stopped. A full debate on how to halt this process of neglect and decay is crucial. The remaining cemeteries, forts, and houses of the VOC in India are part of the common heritage of the Netherlands and India. It is worth the effort to try to conserve and restore this heritage.

Dr H.W. van Santen works at the Dutch Embassy in New Delhi, India

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The South Asia In stitu te o f H eid elb erg U niversity The South Asia Institute (SAI) is a multidisciplinary research institute whose professors also participate in teaching courses related to South Asia to the students at Heidelberg University. The disciplines repre sented are anthropology, economics (developments economics and international economic policy), geography, history and history of art, Indology and the modern languages and literatures of South Asia, law and political science. Altogether there are eight professorial chairs and thirty additional scholarly positions, plus a support staff (librar ians, secretaries etc.) of twenty persons. The library contains about 150,000 volumes plus a large number of microfilms, journals, and newspapers etc. The SAI has a permanent branch office in New Delhi, and a temporary one in Kathmandu. Formerly, it also had branch offices in Kabul, Islamabad, and Singapore. These were not main tained contemporaneously, their establishment being geared to the current research interests of the departments of the SAI and the avail ability of staff members who could be posted abroad. By D i e t m a r R o t h e r m u n d

i T ih e SAI was founded in 1962 by the State of BadenWürttemberg NEWS (capital: Stutt gart). The ‘winds of change’ blowing around the world had also been felt in Ger many by that time and the federal government had asked the state governments to share the burden of providing development aid to the Third World. Most state govern ments responded by taking up spe cific projects abroad, but BadenWürttemberg also saw the need for a university institute which would help study the problems of the countries of the Third World in depth, taking into consideration their history and cultural traditions as well as their current affairs. In order to give a focus to this kind of study, South Asia was chosen as a specific region. This was also due to the fact that Germany had a very respectable tradition in the field of Indology which was, however, devoted exclusively to classical phil ological studies. By matching this tradition with modern studies it was thought that it would be pos sible to establish a powerful knowl edge base. It was not easy to live up to such high expectations, but the SAI has achieved some remarkable results in the thirty-three years since its foundation. By now, almost all the professors who joined the SAI soon after 1962 have retired and a new generation has taken over. In the following brief review of the different departments this chang ing of the guard will be a matter of consideration.

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Anthropology The first incumbent of this chair, Prof Karl Jettmar, was interested mainly in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan. His staff members worked on tribes of this area and he himself spent a great deal of the final years of his appoint ment on documenting the drawings and inscriptions along the Silk Road after this part of it had been opened up by the Chinese rod construction.

His successor, Prof. Richard Burghart, an American by birth who had pursued an academic career at the School of Oriental and African Stud ies in London, was interested mainly in Nepal where he had done most of his field work. He was very much interested in modern anthropologi cal theories and infused the spirit of British social anthropology into the mainstream of German ethnology which was still wedded to the idea that non-literate tribes are the prop er subject of this discipline. Unfortu nately Prof Burghart died of a brain tumour in 1993 at the age of 49 and was unable to complete his mission. His successor has not been appointed yet, but we hope that anthropology at the SAI will continue along the lines pursued by Prof Burghart.

Economics From the very beginning the SAI had two chairs in this discipline, one devoted to rural economics and the other to development economics in general. Prof Otto Schiller, an expert in the field of rural cooperatives, was the first incumbent of the ‘rural chair. His successor was Prof Winfried von Urff, who was soon called to a chair at Munich University. The present incumbent is Prof. Oskar Gans whose more general interests are reflected by the renaming of the chair (international economic policy). The other chair was first occupied by Prof Bruno Fritsch who was soon called to a chair at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Zurich). His successor was Prof Bruno Knall who did most of his fieldwork in Nepal and also published on development planning. He retired recently and was succeeded by Prof Clive Bell, wellknown expert who had worked in the research department of the World Bank and then taught at Vanderbilt University in the United States. He had done the fieldwork for his PhD in India and has an abiding interest in South India.

Geography Prof. Ulrich Schweinfurth was the first incumbent of this chair. His research background was in physi cal geography, especially climatolo gy. Under his guidance rainfall pat terns in South Asia were studied in

great detail. But he also devoted his attention to the cultural geography of South Asia. He has only recently been succeeded by Prof. Hans-Georg Bohle, a cultural geographer, who earlier held a chair at Freiburg Uni versity. He had done his fieldwork in South India with special empha sis on local marketing.

H istory Prof. Dietmar Rothermund was appointed to this chair in 1968 and is still in charge of it. His main field is the political and economic histo ry of India in the t9th and 20th cen turies. Two senior staff members, Professors Hermann Kulke (ancient and medieval Indian history) and (ürgen Lütt (modern history), great ly enriched the work of the depart ment until Kulke was called to a chair at Kiel University in 1987 and Lütt to a chair at Humboldt Univer sity (Berlin) in 1993.

Modern Languages and Literatures o f South Asia This erstwhile sub-department has recently been upgraded to a full chair whose first incumbent is Prof. Monika Böhm-Tettelbach. Her main field of interest is Hindi liter ature. She has also taken over the supervision of the other language teaching activities mentioned above and will greatly broaden the scope of her discipline.

H istory o f Art There has never been a chair in this subject at the SAI. Prof Her mann Goetz, a noted arthistorian who had spent the major part of his life in India, established this small department as an honourary profes sor when he joined the institute at an advanced age. Prof. Heimo Rau was also a part-time member of this department. ProfB.N. Goswamy (Chandigarth) helped the depart ment as a frequent visiting profes sor in a crucial decade of transition. Prof. Anna Libera Dallapicolla was then in charge of the department until she left Heidelberg for Edin burgh in 1992. Her main work in this period was on Indian painting and on the art ofVijayanagar. Since 1992 Dr Joachim Bautze (Berlin) has taught her classes and continued the tradition of a very small but important department.

Indology Prof. Hermann Berger was the first incumbent of this chair. His main field of interest was Indian linguistics, but he encouraged members of his department to launch sub-departments of modern languages and of religion and phi losophy. Prof. Lothar Lutze, who taught Hindi, contributed a great deal to the organization of the first sub-department in which also Ben gali, Burmese, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, and Urdu were taught. Prof. Heinrich von Stietencron set up the second sub-department, he was then called to a chair at Tübingen University and was succeeded by Prof. Günter Dietz Sontheimer, who did pioneering fieldwork on the liv ing traditions of Hindu religion, particularly in Maharashtra. His untimely death in 1992 put an end to this work, his position will not be filled again. Prof. Berger retired in 1993, his successor has not yet been appointed.

Law This one-man department has been headed since the beginning by Dr Dieter Conrad, whose special field is public and constitutional law of South Asia. He is an honour ary professor of the Indian Institute of Law, New Delhi. His publications on constitutional law have been cited by the Supreme Court of India. His subject is not represented at any other university in Germany.

devoted to the regional cultural tra ditions of an Indian state. The SAI also issues two series of publica tions, one in Germany and one in India. The first series are published with Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart earlier with Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden), the second one with Manohar Publications, New Delhi. Altogether about 200 books have been published so far in these series. An annotated bibliography, which can be obtained from the SAI pro vides detailed information about these publications. The scholars of the SAI also publish many books with other publishers. The reports on the First Decade, the Second Decade and the Third Decade of the SAO contain detailed bibliographies of all members of the institute including those books and articles not published in the series men tioned above. ^

Political Science This chair was first held by prof Manual Sarkisyanz who was inter ested in political ideas with special reference to Buddhism and South east Asia. His successor is Prof. Subrata Mitra who earlier taught at the University of Hull in England and is interested in all aspects of mod ern political science with regard to South Asia. He also has an interest in the theory of rational choice.

Tropical Hygiene and Public Health For several decades this depart ment was an integral part of the SAL It was first headed by Prof. Hel m ut Jusatz and subsequently by Prof. Hans Jochem Diesfeld. The department has only recently been detached from the SAI. Immunology and parasitology with reference to tropical diseases are its major fields of research. For obvious reasons its activities could not remain restrict ed to South Asia. It introduced a highly successful MSc course in Community Health which is attended by medical doctors and medical personnel from all over the world. The university authorities ruled that the further support for this course could only be guaran teed by absorbing the department into the general medical faculty. However, further cooperation with the SAI is not precluded by this arrangement.

T h e S o u th A sia In s titu te

(Siidasien Institut) University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 330 69120 Heidelberg Tel: +49-6221-562900 Fax: +49-6221-564998

N ew A ddress CARIKS rr-ih e A. Centre for Advanced Research on Indigenous Knowledge Systems, CARIKS has moved to a new building. The new visiting address and telephone numbers are:

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CARIK S

Other activities The SAI has had a, major share in organizing the European Confer ences on Modern South Asian Stud ies. It also organized the South Asia Interdisciplinary Regional Research Programme with two major pro jects in India: the Dhanbad Research Project concerning the economy, history, and the social conditions of the Indian coalfield, and the Orissa Research project

1260 Paduvana Road, 4th Cross KuvempunagarT.K.4th Stage Mysore 570 023 India Tel:+91-821-61467 Fax: +91-821-61459 The postal address remains the same:

P.O.Box I Saraswathipuram Mysore 570 009 India

Aut umn 1995

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Dynamics of natural systems and human activities in coorg, south India

C onsum er C ulture in K athm andu A sphalt in th e Jungle Although Nepal has often been the subject o f ethnographic research, little work has been done on contemporary urban culture in Nepal, not to mention South Asia as a whole. My research on consumption, mass media, and the culture o f class in Kathmandu aims to redress some o f these shortcomings and I am grateful to the HAS for their support o f my ongoing research and writing on an emerging ‘nonWestern’ modernity in South Asia. By M a r k L i e c h t y

r j l aking JL consump tion as. a key cultural dynamic, my PROJECTS research exam ines how an increasingly consumer-oriented (and globally-inflected) cultural economy begins to transform the language, logic, and symbols through which people understand themselves and their society’s social categories. The study considers how Kathmandu's middle class deploys a new sphere of consumer culture as it seeks to produce local cultural distinction, and imagine links to transnational consumer publics. ‘Progress’, ‘fashion’, freedom’, ‘love’, ‘prestige’, ‘modernity’ and many other rhetorical and material practices-both old and new-go into the project of constructing a middleclass cultural space between the devalued poles of the urban poor, and the urban elite. The manuscript under preparation focuses on: the experience of urban youth; media consumption patterns and emerg ing consumer cultures; the role of consumer cultures in the growing salience of class as a conceptual and experiential frame; and the role of market forces in reconfiguring understandings of gender and sexu ality. This research focuses on mass media in everyday life, though I sit uate media within a broader consu mer culture. The study presents media and other commodities as parts of larger cultural assemblages that interact in vast, cross-referenc ing spheres of meaning. In develop ing a theory of a ‘media assemblage’, I suggest that in cultu ral analysis the project of commer cial media should not be conceptu alized separately from the more general commercial enterprise of commodity promotion.

RESEARCH

Modernity and globalization While this study is located in a rather peripheral geographical area, it tackles a number of theoretical and methodological dilemmas that will increasingly be found at the heart of anthropological inquiry as the discipline enters a new era in which its traditional subjects are fast disappearing. One: What is modernity, and is Kathmandu a ‘modern’ place? Is it possible to theorize modernity in such a way that urban Nepalis in the tggos do not become our ‘con

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NEWSLETTER

temporary ancestors’? Can anthro pology rise to the challenge of ima gining and theorizing difference within the category of the modern?

Ecosystems and societies are not directly commensurable. They are neither totally distinct nor radically separate. The influence o f envi ronment on societies and their cultures, although considerable in its symbolic dimensions, is not a sole analyzable criterion. Consequently, a diachronic approach to the ‘society - environment’ combination emerges as a suitable research method. And hence the project Asphalt in the J u n g le is aimed at critically analyzing this link between the organization o f natural (ecological) realities and the organization o f human (social) realities, in history, on the basis o f the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) designed regional atlas o f a work site: Coorg in South india. By J a c k i e A s s a y a g

Two: If we do wish to view a place like Kathmandu as modern, how do we describe and theorize change so that this is more than simply an ‘A-to-B’ (‘tradition’ to ‘modernity’) transformation of essences? In my work on Kathmandu I argue that modernity is less an experience of historical discontinuity than of multiple, mixing, and often contra dictory epistemological styles built around competing ideologies of value and reality. As people move in new epistemological formations, new ways of imagining identity confront earlier and still-powerful processes of cultural and social pro duction. Three: In the face of new theories of globalization and the deterritorialization of culture, how do anthro pologists acknowledge the reality of powerful, mobile cultural forms and forces, while resisting simplis tic assumptions of global cultural homogenization tied up in facile concepts like ‘the global village’, etc.? In my work I argue that what is global about modernity is not a uniform cultural outcome, but shared experiences of political, com mercial, and cultural processes. These processes arc across the globe (often tracing relations of power and dependence) but their cultural ‘splash’ depends on the peculiar conditions of local waters. Rather than focusing on homogenization, anthropology needs to examine the continued production of difference within a new global cultural econo my. We need to consider how inequality is reinscribed through the very processes that exist in a culturally deterritorialized world. As anthropology enters a new cen tury it is perhaps time to stop treat ing modernity as an inauthentic con taminant of non-Western ‘tradition’ and instead view it as a fundamental component of cultural reality in every corner of the globe. Unless anthropologists can begin to rethink their goals, methods, and theory, we risk becoming as rare, marginalized, and ultimately extinct, as our ‘tradi tional natives.'

Mark Liechty is an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

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' n the con. text of the work site at Coorg (or Kodagu) a ‘complete PROJECTS ecological and social unit’ long recognized as a ‘jungle country’ in South India, - this interdiscipli nary project aims to study the future of the ‘society-environment’ complex on the basis of the develop ment of the communications net work (roads and railways), which is a good indicator of social transforma tions. The hiatus between the scien tific regimes of sociology and ecolo gy necessitates a double disciplinary approach: historical, enabling the integration of data from numerous sources in the study of the inter relationships between the environ ment and human activities; and spa tial, establishing a databank using GIS that will serve as a main basis for all analyses and comparison. This mapping will illustrate the changes in the tropical forest over the past centuries, in its multiple dimensions - ecological, economic, political, and socio-cultural. On the basis of data on the development of a communication network, contem poraneous with the establishment of the coffee plantations and their commercialization, the eco-socioeconomic history of Coorg (jungleturned commercial centre) will be reconstructed. Simultaneously, research will be carried out on the determined as well as determining factors: the changes in the plant cover; fragmentation of the land scape affecting specific diversity of forest zones; evolution of the high tree stratum of coffee plantations; and variations of soil-carbon-stock caused by the degradation of the tree cover and introduction of nonindigenous and/or exotic species, and also by the human movement and transport of goods.

RESEARCH

Transformation The study of the development of communications which accompa nied the extension of plantations enables a long-term reconstruction: the modifications of the primary plant cover; the dwindling of the Mesuaferrea - Pallaquium ellipticum evergreen forest at medium eleva tion; the almost disappearing lagerstroemia macrocarpa - lectonagrandis Dillema pentagyna moist deciduous forest; and finally, the transforma

tion in the inter-relationships between the silvicultural and agri cultural (including food crops) domains, affecting the species diver sity of the forest zones. Undeniably, the diversity of the landscape has increased with its fragmentation. In coffee plantations, initially cultivat ed under forest cover, aging species are gradually being replaced by eco nomically profitable, fast-growing, and easy-to-propagate species there by imparting the coffee plantations an orchardlike appearance or a resemblance to grove of shade trees. We also observe the evolution of the floristic composition resulting from the enrichment of light-demanding species to the detriment of forest indigenous (sensu stricto) species in the gaps created as a consequence of selective felling as well as of the util ity-oriented regeneration of eco nomically important species and elimination of others. This transformation resulting from overexploitation of forest resources by the State government, initially to meet the requirements of the Moloch railway, the encroaching advances of human population on the forest ecosystem and the territorial management policies of both the colonial British regime and the independent Indian state will all be evaluated by an analysis of the specific diversity changes of forest ecosystems, of evo lution of the floristic composition of agroforests with a coffee base and of the soil-organic-carbon stock. The establishment of a forest ser vice by the British was intended to expand the silvicultural areas to protect them, while simultaneously exploiting the forest produce which was finally processed for export (e.g., coffee and cardamom) outside the region. To what extent did the monetary inflow resulting from the coffee trade and the gradual growth of the market economy, enhanced by an increasingly dense road net work, considerably change the eco nomic status of the region? The dis turbances following the different Forest Acts were accentuated by the enforcement of agrarian reforms that were directed towards the reg ulation of the population and the * collection of tax from sedentary farmers. Of course, for these reasons the British colonizer was strongly averse to every form of shifting cul tivation and to nomadic cultures. Although the regional economy was based mainly on the coffee sec tor - dynamic culture and migrant

population - Coorg has never recorded a significant demographic growth, except at intervals, and its population growth rate is one of the lowest when it is compared with the Indian districts. Why?

Cultural id en tity The study should indicate that this tendency was undoubtedly altered by the seasonal migrations of the surrounding populations at the harvest. All the same, these migrations modified the different systems o f agoraforestry exploita tion and thus disturbed the usersmaintained-relationships with the environment. These two phenome nons and their consequences are to be studied, because the transforma tions of the ecosystems and social configuration have modified the definition, function, and articula tion of the territories: towns, habi tations, gardens, crops, forests, pas tures, and plantations. But these transformations have also helped to define the cultural singularity of the local social groups: the political ly and economically dominant caste of the Kodavas who always project their mountain-dweller, martial, and native identity and the tribal people who are still considered to be ‘forest people” despite the radical transformation of the regional eco system. It is in the face of the changes of the territorial and social fronts that the question of cultural identity of groups and local agents will be clarified, because their history has obviously evolved in conformity with the restructuring of the envi ronmental aspects. The ‘inter locking’ of several levels of observa tions and conceptualization in time and space will show the extent of the diversity of resources of a regional ecosystem in South Asia which is partly linked to interven tions, often conflicting, from a diversity of agents. In hundred and fifty years the State government has become the principal control ling authority. It can be said in advance that the dynamics of the disturbances and management of this ecosystem, as much in its real ity as in its representations, has taken a conflictual form between its users and exploiters. However despite this conflicting situation, the technical systems of planning and collective choice of managerial coordination have shown their effi ciency within a ‘niche’ or ‘network’, which will be evaluated by an interdisciplinary team of research ers from the French Institute at Pondicherry, with their interdisci plinary know-how in the fields of history, geography, pedology, bota ny, ecology, cartography, and agro forestry, bearing in mind the sig nificance of the ‘non-linearity’ of ecological and human phenomena and on the idea that ecological phe nomena are sociologically neither accessorial nor fundamental. ^

SOUTH I I A P R I L I 995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS RESEARCH S C H O O L C N W S SEM INAR

mm Theguest

speaker at this wellattended semi nar Professor Alexis Sander son (Oxford) is a renowned specialist in the field of the Indian esoteric, mystic forms of religion known as Tantrism, which have constituted important later developments in Hinduism as well as Buddhism. His first lecture, under the title ‘Pious Plagiarism’, dealt w ith evidence o f the depen dence o f Buddhist Yoginl-tantras (such as Laghusamvara, Abhidhanottara- and Hevajra-tantra) on certain texts belonging to the Hindu traditions o f Saiva Tan trism (e.g. Jayadratha-yamala- and Picumata- alias Brahmayamala-tantrai, inter alia in the listings o f the 24 holy places. Professor Sander son’s second lecture, ‘Levels in Eso teric Saivism: the Five Initiations , dealt w ith the hierarchy and order of the initiations as described in the Tantraloka. Four speakers from w ithin the research-cluster contributed to the

REPORT

22 A P R I L I 9 9 5 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS THE F O U R T H M E E T IN G OF D U T C H

INDO LO G ISTS

India:

Tantrism By P .C . V e r h a g e n

ASI A

seminar. Professor K.R. van Kooij (Leiden) spoke on ‘Tantrism and Art: the realization o f violence’, pre senting materials from his ongoing research on the role and the iconog raphy o f violence in Indian classical arts. Dr P.C. Verhagen (Leiden), in his lecture ‘Relations between Tan trism and Tibetan Indigenous Grammar’, presented evidence for the considerable influence ofTantristic exegesis, particularly the phonological descriptions associat ed w ith the esoteric formulas, the mantras, on the grammatical tradi tions in Tibet. Dr T. Goudriaan (Leiden) delivered a lecture on the comparison o f the vow termed Vidya-vrata as formulated in four versions o f the Kubjika tradition. Dr H. Isaacson (Groningen) gave some interesting specimens of his recent work on the textual criticism o f the Buddhist Hévajra-tantra, and its commentaries Muktavali and Ratnavall.

D r P.C.Verhagen is affiliated to the Kern Institute of Indology, Leiden University

1 6 - 1 7 j U N E , 1995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS

Himalayan Languages Sym posium tn France, Germany, Switzerland, anu me n c u ia u u u j the desirability o f the establishment o f a regularly convening forum for scholars o f H im alayan languages. This year the research team o f

tional Institute tor Asian Studies jiiASj at Leiuen, me l u u u . school CNWS, and by the Himalayan Languages Project o f Leiden University By G e o r g e v a n D r ie m

T> articiJ T pants

expressed the shared hope that this sym posium w ill establish a tra dition. The First Himalayan Lan guages Symposium brought togeth er scholars stationed in Europe, and it is hoped that the symposium w ill grow into a global forum for Hima layan language scholars. The Hima layan Languages Symposium was

envisaged as a platform for contri butions from linguists and special ists from kindred disciplines on any language o f the Himalayas, whether Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan, Burushaski, Kusunda or some other tongue. The fact that the First H im alayan Languages Symposium included contributions on languag es o f Sichuan and the Tibetan Pla teau demonstrates that the term ‘Himalayan’ is intended not in a restrictive, but in a panoramic sense. The keynote speaker at the Leiden symposium was Bernard Comrie.

Tales

andtranslations

On 22 April, D utch Indologists met at the Nonnensteeg Building o f Leiden University for their fourth biennial meeting organized by the Society o f Friends o f the Kern Institute. On previous occasions the programme o f lectures has focused on ongoing Indological research in various disciplines. This year the organizing committee had opted to unite the various lectures under a single theme: translating Indian languages into Dutch.

a broad public? Is it possible to translate a story or a poem and not lose at least part o f the original’s T os Gomcultural identity in the process? I mans in d i These were some o f the aspects of cated in his translating brought to the fore by introduction, eight contributors. Hanneke van starting from den Muyzenberg, Indologist and Abraham chief librarian at the Kern Insti Rogerius in tute, discussed the phenomenon o f the seventeenth century, Dutch indirect translating: Dutch pub translators have helped to shape lishers publishing a secondary our dreams and images o f India, translation into Dutch o f a Ger- ' and improve our understanding o f man or English primary transla Indian civilization. Translating is tion o f the Indian original work. no sinecure, as it requires basic A relatively cheap solution, but one choices regarding methods: should which is usually done at the a translator, for instance, aim at a expense o f the original text, strictly scholarly translation, or detracting from the pleasure o f the should he or she prefer a more lit reader. erary rendering and try to cater to The Arabist Richard van Leeu wen discussed the difficulties fac ing him in translating The Tales of Participants presented contribu Thousand-and-One-Nyhts, which tions on a variety o f Himalayan lan have been translated into many guages, viz. Bantawa, Dumi, ByangEuropean languages since the si, Tibetan, Limbu, Mewahang, Lepeighteenth century, involving cha, Belhare, Yamphu, Kulung, repeated editing and adapting. rGya-rong and Nepali. No proceed A.G. Menon, who teaches Draings w ill be published, but many of vidian languages at the Kern Insti the symposium contributions w ill tute, talked about the seventeenth be included in a ‘Trends in century efforts by the Dutch East Linguistics’ volume to be entitled India Company to produce a ‘MalaHimalayan Linguistics (Mouton de bar’-Dutch glossary. Gruyter, Berlin). This volume also Hein Wagenaar, entrepreneur in w ill contain contributions not pre muli-media hard- and software, sented at the symposium. recently compiled a transliterated The Himalayan Languages Sym Hindi-English dictionary on CD posium w ill convene each summer ROM. He illustrated the choices a at a location to be announced one translator has to make regarding year in advance. More information the correct spelling o f transliterat about the 1996 Himalayan Languag ed words. Indian authors frequent es Symposium w ill be made avail ly include transliterated H indi able in the autumn. The Himalayan words in their books. Their prefer Languages Project at Leiden Univer ence for any o f a number o f trans sity w ill act as the caretaker o f the literating styles often reflects the permanent mailing list o f the sym author’s social and geographical posium. You can be put on the background. mailing list by sending your name, Thomas de Bruijn, research fel complete address, e-mail address, low in training at the Kern Insti fax and telephone numbers to the tute, discussed the problems which address below. Abstracts for next Indian authors have to face in the year s symposium can be sent for m ulti-lingual Indian society. In review to the same address. ^ order to reach an audience raised w ith a language (and social back ground) different from his own, an author has to ‘translate’ his own work into the vocabulary o f his prospective audience. Thus his work may reflect different levels o f expression which a translator may find very hard to bring out satis factorily. Himalayan Languages Project Victor van Bijlert, who teaches Leiden University Bengali and modern history of P.O. Box 9515 South Asia at the Kern Institute, 2300 RA Leiden discussed the area of tension The Netherlands

By E lle n R a v e n

ERENCE

between the cultural hegemony of the West and the opening-up o f non-Western cultures, for instance by translations. He focused on the poems o f the Bengali poet Rabin dranath Tagore, who greatly sup ported cultural discourse based on equality and mutual respect. Even though a translation can never be more than a replica, differing in colours and material from the original, a good copy may at least evoke genuine appreciation o f the original. H. van Teylingen, founder o f the Sri Chaitanya Community, spoke about his versifying o f Indian devotional texts such as the Bha^avad Gita and the Krishna-lila. He endeavours to phrase his transla tions in the original metres, and guided by his spiritual teachers he tries to translate and interpret the original texts in the spiritually purest way. Leo van Grunsven, head of the publishing division o f Novib, explained how financial factors dominate policies regarding the publication of books, including translations more and more. He amplified the process o f selecting new titles for the Novib series of Indian novels, which involves not only getting the opinion o f experts, but also trusting a publisher’s instincts for a h it novel. Winand Callewaert, who teaches Eastern philology and history at Leuven University, concluded the programme by evaluating the vari ous angles from which translating Indian texts had been illustrated that day. There was general con sensus among those present that the meeting had been very success fu l and henceforward one would see translations and translating efforts in a different light. The Society o f Friends of the Kern Insti tute is exploring the possibilities o f publishing the papers o f the meeting. ^

SOUTH 28 - 30 AUGUST, 1995 LEI DEN, THE NETHERLANDS

X llth In tern ation al Ramayana C onference The Xllth International Ramayana Conference was held at the N on nensteeg 1-3, Leiden from 28 to 30 August 1995. The conference, which was hosted by the Leiden University, was sponsored by a num ber o f academic institutions. The m ain them e o f the conference was the interrelationship and m utual influence o f text, sculpture, folklore and perform ing arts. Twenty-six papers were presented in nine plena ry sessions and four special lectures o f which two in the m em ory o f Dr Leen van Daalen and two to honour Dr Godard Schokker, were delivered d u rin g the three days o f the conference. Scholars from eleven countries joined their D utch colleagues in the scientific dis cussions o f different aspects o f Ramayana research. Taking into account the wide-spread interest in the Ramayana and the presence o f scholars from Asian, European and American universities, a very care ful selection was m ade to guarantee the quality o f the conference. Scholars who had w ritten doctoral dissertations about any subject related to the Ramayana or those who are presently engaged in Ramayana research were the first to receive an invitation. F urther the list o f scholars included those w ith valuable and im portant publica tions in this field. A few who possess a good knowledge o f the textual and cultural traditions also took part in the conference. By A . G . M e n o n T n his open-

JL ing speech Prof L. Leer touwer, Rector Magnificus of the Leiden University, emphasised the importance of the conference as a meeting place for Ramayana scholars from various countries, who have come to Leiden to share their views on the different aspects of one of the important epics of the world. The transmission of the story, the performing tradi tions and the religious dimensions received his special attention. Prof D.H.A. Kolff, director of CNWS, wel comed the participants. Prof T.E. Vetter introduced the research clus ter Words and Values and Dr A.G. Menon, organising secretary, thanked all those who helped to organise the conference.

Ramayana from Burma The three days of the conference were structured on the basis of regions, languages, transmission and traditions. It is impossible to summarise the contents of the twenty-six papers and the four spe cial lectures within this short report. The first session was opened by Dr John Brockington (Edin burgh) with a paper examining the influence of the script on the recen sions and sub-recensions of Valmiki Ramayana. He suggested the Venn diagram as a model for solving the problems of overlapping influences which form a manuscript. Recon structing the original text of Valmi ki on the basis of episodic devia tions in details was attempted by Mrs. Mary Brockington (Edin burgh). Mrs. Brockington pointed out the inconsistencies in the story 28

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of Marica. The problems concerning the different recensions of the Ramayana of Valmiki and specially the recensions from the North and South of India were dealt with in a critical lecture delivered by Prof Henk Bodewitz (Leiden) as a tribute to the researches of late Dr Leen van Daalen. A number of papers dealt with the Ramayana in Cambodia, Burma, China, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Dr Pou (Paris) pointed out the disap pearance of the concept of avatara and Rama as god in the post-Angkorian time in Cambodia. While the paper of Pou showed the influence of Theravada Buddhism on the con ception of Rama, the paper by Prof. De Casparis (Leiden) discussed the absence of the influence of the epic in a country like Sri Lanka where the Theravada Buddhism is preva lent. He further dealt with the Sri Lankan Sanskrit kavya Janakiharana based on the Valmiki Ramayana. On the basis of a comparative study of the Indian and Chinese cultural val ues Prof Jin Dinghan (Beijing) showed the emerging picture of Rama in China. The conference wit nessed the presentation, for the first

Autumn 1995

ASIA

time, of an until now unknown ver sion of the Ramayana from Burma. Based on his fieldwork Prof. Ohno Toru (Osaka, Japan) delivered a spe cial lecture on the complete version of Loik Samoing Ram - the Mon ver sion of the Rama story. It is an important contribution to the com parative and historical study of the epic. Archaeology and art history are two important instruments in the study of the Ramayana. The inter national Ramayana conference brought together scholars repre senting a wide range of disciplines. The importance of the study of archaeological remains, inscriptions and textual corroboration in deter mining the traditions of Ramagiri, believed to have been visited by Rama and Sita during their exile, was illustrated by Dr Hans Bakker (Groningen). Episodes from Ramay ana were often depicted in the min iature Pahari paintings. Dr PaulGupta (Leiden) analysed the style and contents of these paintings col lected by the late Leiden professor Dr J.Ph. Vogel.

Ramayana of Tulasidasa A full day of the conference was filled with a number of interesting theoretical and analytical papers dealing with different aspects of the Ramayana ofTulasidasa. Sufi poets like Jayasi adopted episodes from the Rama story and a poet like Tulasidasa should have been famil iar with the works of his contempo raries and predecessors. The theo retical model of intertext to explain the underlying structures in the work of Tulasidasa and Jayasi was an important contribution by the youngest participant of the confer ence, Thomas de Bruin (Leiden). His paper on the story of Rama as inter text needs a special mention in this report. The reception of the Ramacaritamanasa in the early seven teenth and eighteenth centuries forms the subject of Prof Pollet’s (Louvain, Belgium) well-document ed paper. An author like Tulasidasa who does not call himself a poet, produces a literary work of high quality. In his paper Prof Pandey (Napoli, Italy) showed the subtle conception of poetry in the Ramaya na of Tulasidasa. The social aspects of the Ramacaritamanasa and its importance for the modern commu nity were discussed in a detailed paper of Dr Shukla & Dr Sitaram (Durban, South Africa) and in the lecture of Prof Dharampal (Handwar, India). The treatment of Rama’s honour and Sita’s chastity in the Ramacamdracandrika of the

Braj poet Kesavadasa was subjected to a deep analysis in the well-docu mented and erudite paper by Dr Schokker (Leiden), in the light of similar treatments in earlier works such as the Valmiki Ramayana, Adhyatma-Ramayana and Ramacar itamanasa. The first special lecture to honour Dr Schokker was deliv ered by Dr Winand Callewaert (Lou vain, Belgium). In his eloquent description Callewaert emphasised the importance of collecting, collat ing and publishing manuscripts and in the later part of his lecture another unknown Ramayana from Rajasthan became the central theme of his lecture. The second lecture to honour Dr Schokker was delivered by Prof. Philip Lutgendorf(Iowa, U.S.A.). In his richly illustrated dis course, Prof Lutgendorf discussed the various aspects of Hanuman as found in the texts and outside the texts. The place of Hanuman in the thinking of the modern Indian soci ety and its correlation with the descriptions in the text were described and illustrated with pic tures from advertisement to idols.

The spread of Ramayana The Indian epic spread to South east Asia and manifested itself in text, temple architecture and per formance. Four papers dealt with these aspects. Dr Clara Brakel (Leid en) analysed the performance of Ramayana in an Islamic context with the help of dances performed in central Java. Problems of interpo lation in the Old Javanese Ramaya na with reference to the letter of Sita evoked a lively discussion. Dr Willem van der Molen (Leiden) ana lysed this problem from the angles of prosody, interpretation of the contents and sequences of actions. The literary traditions and their history may also contribute to solv ing such problems. Dr Roy Jordaan’s (Leiden) paper on the date and ori gin of the Ramayana reliefs in Prambanan - central Java - suggest ed a possible Buddhist influence on the architecture and looked for its support in the Buddhist versions of the Rama story. How the Rama story accumulates the important features of the local culture is dis cussed in the paper of Dr Noriah Mohamed (Malaysia) who pointed out the Malay influence on Hikayat Sri Rama. The contributions of the three Thai scholars on the Ramakien, the Thai version of the Ramayana, enriched one of the main themes of the conference: the textual trans mission and the local adaptations. Prof Poolthupya’s paper on the

Balinese dance.

Photo: Peter Ëoer

karma, Prof Thepsawasdi’s paper on the relevance of the concepts in the Ramayana and Prof Prapandvidya’s paper on the Jataka elements in the Ramayana, all of them from Thailand, used textual material for the interpretation. One of them even showed the relevance of Ramayana in the context of our modern scientific knowledge of medicine. A similar paper on the scientific development during the period of Ram was presented by-Dr R.M. Tiwari (Amsterdam). Though the focus of the confer ence was not on the modern politi cal dimensions of the Ramayana, the paper of Dr Victor van Bijlert (Leiden) on the Ramayana and mod ernity dealt with the role of religion in the context of Indian nationalism and Hindu militancy. A theoretical paper which tried to analyse the structure of the subversions of the Ramayana of Valmiki was presented by Dr Radhakrishan Nair (Kottayam, India). In the last academic ses sion of the conference the story of the Patala Ravana - another Ravana - received attention. Prof. Lutgen dorf (Iowa) analysed the story of the other Ravana in the light of the reception and cultural role of the epic and Dr A.G. Menon (Leiden) in his discussion of the three versions - one in Tamil and two in Malayalam - of the Patala Ramayanam pointed out, with the help of par allelism in the plot and the devia tions in the details, the cultural milieu in which such a deviation could have developed. Keeping up the main theme of the conference, a Ramayana ballet from South Bali, Indonesia was per formed. A number of fragments from the Ramayana was staged. The participants enjoyed the literal, artistic and performing traditions of the Ramayana. About 160 people witnessed the ballet and about eighty scholars took part in the con ference. The proceedings of the con ference will be published in 1996. ^

In the back: P rof O hno Toru, in fr o n t (left) D r G.H. Schokker; (right) Drs Th. de Bruin

SOUTH

Gananath Obeyesekere:

B u d d h ist Karma and A m erindian R ebirth

Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking tn the Pacific (1992] with the Louis Gottschalk prize. The Gonda lectures are organized every year by the J. Gonda Fund. The Gonda Fund was established in 1993 under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and had the task of admin istering the inheritance bequeathed to the Academy by Sanskritist and Indologist Professor J. Gonda. For attending the lecture it is only necessary to inform the secretariat of the Gonda Fund. It is also possible to order from the secretariat the texts of the Gonda lectures held in previous years by Wendy Doniger (already published) and Richard Larivière (to be published in November 1995). Tq T h e G onda Fund

Antwoordnummer 10785 1000 RA Amsterdam Royal N eth erla n d s A cadem y o f arts and S cien ces

Het Trippenhuis Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam Tel:+3 I-20-5510 71 I Fax:+31-20-6204941

mpihe Tenth 1 World Sanskrit Con ference will be held in Banga AGENDA lore, India, from 3-9 Janu ary 1997. This will be the Third World Sanskrit Conference to be held in India (New Delhi, 1972 and Varanasi 1981) and will commem orate the Silver Jubilee Year of the International Association for San skrit Studies (IASS)

Venue The Conferecne will be held in the Taralabalu Kendra, Bangalore, India. The Kendra has a modern research facility designed to pro mote Indian cultural education. Bangalore the capital of Karnataka, is hailed as India’s ‘garden city’.The climate during the month of January will be particu larly pleasant, making it an ideal time to visit.

Papers Scholars are invited to submit titles for papers using the reply form which is available from the secretariat. A draft of the paper (minimum 5 pages) is requested to be submitted by 15 May 1996 along with a bibliography and a 300-word abstract. Should the paper be accepted, then the abstract

Sri Lanka: politics, culture and history

demonstrate the blinkered limits of the British empirical tradition. The four essays in ‘Past and Present’ dwell on the cakravarti style of leadership in Sri Lanka. Though this model (the ‘Asokan Persona) is used to question the use of feudal terminology for the ancient Sinhala kingdoms, the principal focus is on the modern period: how this pattern has been reproduced in recent cen turies and how it sustains a tenden cy towards overcentralized forms of governance. Several essays depict and analyze the ingredients, events and process es which have moulded Sinhala ideology in recent centuries. One reveals the ideological barriers which were central to the emergence of the present Sinhala-Tamil con flict, while two articles develop in intricate detail the perspectives and processes which led Sinhalese from a wide occupational spectrum to assault the Mohammedan Moors in

r r ih e Indo-Judaic Studies Journal A is an annual academic journal published by the Society for IndoJudaic Studies dedicated to analyzing the affinities and interactions between Indie and Judaic civiliza tions from ancient through contem Subject Areas porary times. Each issue will feature Papers are solicited on the follow the following: ing subject areas: 1. New scholarly research into X. Sanskrit and Regional such areas as: comparative studies of Judaism and the religions of Languages India, with attention to implica 2. Vyakarana and Linguistics tions for the field of religious stud 3. Modern Sanskrit Literature ies; historical studies of the cultu 4. Sanskrit and Computers ral and commercial links between 5. Veda and Vedangas India and Israel; social scientific 6. Epics and Purangas studies of Jewish communities in 7. Agamas andTantras India and Indian communities in 8. Religion and Philosophy Israel; comparative Diaspora stud 9. Architecture, Fine Arts, and Aes ies of Jewish and Indian commu thetics nities, especially in North America; 10. Classical Sanskrit Literature literature studies, including analy 11. Scientific Sanskrit Literature ses of images of India in Jewish 12. Dharm Sastra and Artha Sastra writing and images of Jews and 13. Manuscripts and Historical Judaism in Indian writing; politi Documents cal science studies of diplomacy 14. Sanskrit and the Environment between India and Israel; approaches to secularism vs tradi tionalism in contemporary Indian and Israeli politics; etc (3 or 4 arti cles per issue) Address for Correspondence: 2. Republication ofpioneering S ec re ta ria t X th W orld Sanskrit Indo-Judaica, classical studies in C on feren ce the field which are not readily Taralabalu Kendra accessible, such as Kunst's study of 3rd Main, 2nd Block, RT Nagar comparative logic, or MandeiBangalore - 560 032 baum’s ethnographies of Cochin’s India Jews, (one per issue) Tel: +91-80-3430017 / 3332759 3. Translations o f primary docu Fax:+91-80-3334541 ments such as the Urdu hagiogra phy of Said Sarmad, or Hebrew travellers’ accounts by Reinman, Saphir and Hillel, or Pierre Loti’s E *P‘o ttUg c V French descriptions of Cochin’s I Jew Town, or such ‘philo-Semitic’ ’ writings as JamyangNorbu’s Tibe tan History of Israel, (one per issue) 4. Translations o f m odem schol arship in Hebrew, Yiddish, Hindi, etc. (one per issue) 5. Interreligious / inter-ethnic dialogues, including theoretical aspects of dialogue as well as ‘dia logical statements’. 6. Book reviews 7. News and notes

will be printed in the conference catalogue. The final paper should be submitted to the panels of chair persons upon arrival at the confer ence.

—

E xploring C on fron tation A brings together thir teen essays, six of which are reprints to which have been added seven original pieces written for the book. These essays are organized in four sections: Introduc tion; Past and Present; The Particular and the General; and Evocations. Taken in sum, the book is an illus tration of historical ethnography. The essays highlight the place of agents in the construction of the world around them, by establishing linkages between selected incidents and broader socio-political processes. They reveal the webs of significance attached to provocative statements in moments of confrontation. As such, they draw out the virtues of detailed empirical work. But such work is then extended into a debate with Sri Lankan peers which seeks to

In d oJudaic Studies Journal

The T enth W orld Sanskrit C onference

On Friday November 3 ,1995, the American Indologist G ananath Obeyesekere will hold the th ird J. Gonda lecture under the title Buddhist Karma and Amerindian Rebirth: an anthropologist’s reflections on com parative religious ethics. The lecture will be held on the premises o f the Royal N etherlands Academy o f Arts and Sciences, Kloveniersburgwal 29, A m sterdam at 4.00 o’clock p.m.

np his book

CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS

3-9 JANUARY I 997 BANGALORE, INDIA

3 NOVEMBER 1995 AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS THIRD GONDA LECTURE

r r “lhe general M. belief among both scholars and the ordinary AGENDA public is that rebirth or rein carnation theories are intrinsically associated with India and invented by Indie religious thinkers. Howev er, comparative ethnographic evi dence suggests widespread distribu tion of rebirth beliefs the world over. Yet, the karma theory is found only in the Indie theories of rebirth. In his talk Obeyesekere will show striking parallels and differences between Amerindian and Buddhist theories of rebirth. Obeyesekere is professor at the Department of Anthropology of Princeton University and published outstanding sociological and anthropological studies, among which Land Tenure in Village Ceylon: ASociological and Historical Study (1967] and The Work o/Culture: Sym bolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology (1990). The Ameri can Society for Eighteenth Century Studies awarded in 1993 his The

ASIA

British Ceylon in 1915. One of these, ‘The Imperialism of Silence’ provides an analysis of a ‘perfect’ example of Kultur Kamp/: where the British ruler’s egalitarian code of respect for all religions premised on the assumption that silence should be a mark of respect in fact disadvan taged - and disturbed - Buddhists (and Hindus) for whom sabda puja (noise worship) was integral to some acts of worship. Two other essays explore the significance of verbal altercations, one at a cricket match in 1981 and another in 1929 between a labour politician and a police offi cer during a trade union dispute. All these essays are cast in an ana lytical mode. In the last section, however, a counterpoint is made: the limitations of the ‘standard’ modalities of social science are revealed by a literary essay written in a compulsive mood or - an essay that is nevertheless not fictional but empirical, one which evokes the

immediacy of conflict and the hor rors of victimization during the anti-Tamil pogrom of 1983. The book is richly illustrated, runs to 333 pages of text and carries a detailed index and long bibliography. It is available both in hardback and in paperback, and is published by Har wood Academic Publishers. ^ M ichael R ob erts (ed .) Exploring Confrontation. Sri Lanka: politics, culture and history

ISBN 3-7186-5506-3, hardback: £42,ISBN 3-7186-5992-3, paperback: £ 19,H arw ood A ca d em ic Publishers

Contributions may be directed to the editors: Prof. N ath an Katz

Dept, of Religious Studies Florida International University, DM30IA, Miami FL 33199, USA Prof. Braj M ohan Sinha

Dept, of Religious Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N OWO

Book review editor: H ananya G ood m an

345 Harvard Street, #3C Cambridge MA 02138, USA

P.O. Box 90, Reading, RGI 8JL, England

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C ultures o f Madagascar:

Ebb and Flow of Influences On March 28 and 29 1994 an international congress on Madagascar was held at Leiden University. It was a great event because for the first time Madagascar came into the academic lim elight in the Netherlands. The date coincided with a public festival in Madagascar, although it was not chosen with this particular purpose in mind. On March 29 the Malagasy nation celebrates the beginning o f the 1947 insurrection against French colonial rule. Madagascar is now an independent country, able to forge its cultural destiny by itself.

dence, however, does not mean isola tion. Madagas car is quite pre pared to enter into cooperation with other coun tries, when the progress of higher education and scientific research is to be achieved. Actually, the Leiden congress bore witness to the broad range of international co-operation already achieved. Participants came from many countries: Australia, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Great Britain, and, of course, Madagascar and the Nether lands. The main themes of the congress are reviewed in the different chap ters of the book. All contributions are published in the language of their original presentation at the congress, either English or French. Authors and editors have generally revised the papers for publication, taking into account oral and writ ten remarks made during and after the congress. References and bib liographies have been checked as far as possible by the editors. The opening address was given by His Excellency R. Ranjeva, currently Judge of the International Court of Justice in The Hague, formerly Pres ident of the University of Antanana rivo, Madagascar. His topic was the changing role of the Social Sciences in Malagasy higher education since 3 0

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Autumn 1005

the creation of the University of Antananarivo in 1981. In the wake of political change, the Social Sci ences have been successively a weapon in the fight against the post-colonial regime and, when the revolutionary power took control of the country, a means of legitima tion. International cooperation is very much needed to encourage the exercise of honest scholarship which is a guarantee of authentic social relevance.

lnternotionol

Institute f ° r Asian for * » !•• S

Studies

The quest fo r identity All other papers have been divid ed into five groups of interest. This diverges from their order at the congress, which was based on the organization of higher education in fhe Netherlands and elsewhere in scientific disciplines. In the publication of the proceedings of the congress the choice has fallen on a unified interdisciplinary approach. Cultural and human reality is one complex phenome non that is not split up by the division and specialization of scientific disciplines. The first topic is the quest for the Malagasy cultural identity. Often this is defined by means of a refer ence to oral tradition; oral tradi tion, however, goes back to very obscure origins. Countless studies have been devoted to the origins of the Mala gasy people, of the Malagasy lan guage and culture. A fairly new trend consists of adm itting the plurality of origins and, conse quently, of Malagasy cultures. The title of the present volume acknowledges this current of schol arship in history and cultural anthropology. Professor Wolfgang Marschall reviews existing theories about the first inhabitants of Madagascar. Indubitably, the Proto-Malagasy came from the Indonesian Archi pelago, but more research has to be done on the precise region of ori gin. Several islands may have been its original home. The Manyaan people of Borneo and Bajau traders and navigators are the probable ancestors of many contemporary Malagasy, according to the findings of comparative linguistics. Profes sor Marschall suggests that com parative research in fields other than linguistics may uncover new evidence. The study of such topics as material culture, village topogra phy, agricultural techniques, weav ing and metallurgy, for instance, has much to offer. The congress devoted quite an amount of space to comparative linguistics. This is not surprising. It is a fact of life that the affirma tion of Malagasy identity is strong ly related to the possession of the Malagasy language. Several papers

C u ltu re , o f Madagascar:

Ebt and How of Influences v‘lisations de Madagascar:

deal with the history of the lan guage. One highlight of our con gress was the confrontation between the old master of Malagasy linguistics, Professor Otto Dahl of Oslo, and Dr Alexander Adelaar of Melbourne University. They do not agree with each other about the number of Malay loan words in Malagasy, on the role of Indonesian groups like the Lorn and Sekak, and on the chronology of influences, either before or after the coming of Islam in Indonesia. Dr Adelaar takes the view that more than one Indonesian language, and not Man yaan only, influenced Malagasy over a long period of time. Professor Dahl agrees that influences may have taken more time than it was originally thought; he also draws attention to the hidden influence of the Bantu substratum in Malagasy. Professor Pierre Verin and Narivelo Rajaonarimanana open new perspectives with their paper on Malagasy dialects which possess words originating in ancient com mon Indonesian. Indonesia is not the only horizon of Malagasy identity. Actually Japan has always been a much stronger reference of identity. The Japanese model became an inspira tion for national consciousness as soon as Western culture became a threat to the Malagasy identity. Yvette Ranjeva-Rabetafika exposes the roots of what she calls ‘the Jap anese m yth’ in the nineteenth cen tury and its contemporary rele vance. Albert Roca’s paper is firmly rooted in the present situation of Madagascar, trying to assess the

role of ethnicity in the new definition of Malagasy identity today.

The Dutch connection The second topic is the historical relationship between Madagascar and the Netherlands, what we call ‘the Dutch connection’. It is bril liantly exposed by Dr Claude Allibert and Dr Gabriel Rantoandro. Both of them highlight the pres ence of Dutch resources for the writing of this aspect of history. It began in the seventeenth century and lasted for several centuries. Dutch navigators, merchants, and humanists sailed to Madagascar and wrote travel accounts, diaries, and dictionaries. The trade was about fresh food and water, spices and Malagasy slaves, transported away to many countries, in the historical context of the European scramble for influence overseas. Political con tacts were also made. Much more archival research is needed with a view to building up our knowledge of aspects of Madagascar recorded by merchants and travellers in old Dutch documents. One example is a seventeenth century Dutch diary presented by Gabriel Rantoandro in his paper.

The Island o f Ancestors The third topic is ethnicity. Mad agascar has been called the Island of the Ancestors. Not all families, however, can boast of their ances tors. Sometimes ancestors represent liabilities which impede personal and social development, should there be a suspicion that these

INSULAR ancestors were slaves. Their descen dants may be discriminated against or face many difficulties in their daily lives, in spite of the fact that slavery was abolished in 1896 and has been against the letter of the Malagasy constitution since Inde pendence. Three papers explore the painful memory of slavery. Professor Ludvig Munthe brings to light new docu ments on the slave trade in the region of Mauritius in the nine teenth century and the fascinating campaigns Mr John Jérémie waged against it. In a very erudite contri bution, Dr René Barendse tells the story of the slave trade in the seven teenth century, as it was experi enced by Dutch merchants. The third paper lays bare the heavy lega cy of slavery in today’s society. San dra Evers reports on her fieldwork in Betsileo villages where the descendants of slaves still bear the burden of their ancestors’ condi tion.

faithful unto d e a th The fourth topic is Malagasy Christianity. Since the nineteenth century, Malagasy culture has been deeply influenced by the Christian tradition in its whole gamut of diversity. The Malagasy martyrs in the reign of Queen Ranavalona I are famous in the history of Malagasy Christianity, but even in Indonesia in recent times they have been taken as examples of Christians ‘faithful unto death’, as Professsor Marc Spindler discovered in an Indonesian booklet. Professor Bruno Hiibsch, one of the editors of the pioneering ecu menical church history of Madagas car, tells the background and the scope of this impressive documen tary project that involved more than twenty historians. Laurent Ramambason tries to explain why Christianity has not made serious converts among the Sakalava population of Madagascar, while it was so successful among the Merina. Paradoxically the very fact that the Merina set out to evan gelize the coastal regions turned out to be a tragic handicap because this effort was seen by the Sakalava as legitimation of the Merina hege mony on the island. A huge ecu menical effort will be needed in order to overcome this historical development. R ite s de

Dr Michel Razafiarivony offers an accurate description and profound analysis from the insider’s point of view of rituals performed during the rice cycle in the Betsimisaraka region. Rice and its cultivation in the Tanala region are the subjects of the paper presented by Dr Philippe Beaujard. The cultivation of rice is far from being a simple agricultural technique; it is as a social process producing the social identity of the Tanala peasants. This congress marked the initial step in the programme of interna tional co-operation between the University of Antananarivo and the University of Leiden, which is planned to span a number of years. Using the word university, we include all institutions related to the University of Antananarivo and/or Leiden that contribute to Malagasy studies in one form or another. Leiden has a whole range of specialities in the field of Asian and African research, like the Afri can Studies Centre, the Internation al Institute for Asian Studies, the Department of Languages and Cul tures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, the Interuniversity Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research, the Royal Institute for Linguistics and Anthropology, the Museum of Ethnography, to name a few. Without the generous support of all of them, this congress could not have taken place and the papers could not have been published.

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Re-edition of ‘H istoire de la Grande Madagascar' Étienne de Flacourt Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar

Edition of 1661 presented and annotated by Claude Allibert (1995, ISBN: 2-86537-578-1)

In the seventeenth century the French were determined to expand their influences in the Indian Ocean. In 1642 they made their first set tlement on the southeast coast of Madagascar. Their initial acquain tance with Madagascar was far from pleasant; although the Malagasy landscapes are highly appreciated, in their letters home many French complain about the trying climate. An anonymous French missionary wrote ofMadagascar; ‘C’est le plus ingrat pays au monde...L air est insalubre at la moitié de nos gens est toujours malade.

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By S a n d r a E v e r s

Portait of de Flacourt (1 660) painted by the son of Michel Corneille. Reproduced in L’Éloge de Feu M on sieur de F lacourt (ld b ij

settlers died because they where unable to cope with disease and home-sickness. French officials had to contend with many con flicts with the Malagasy popula tion, local kings where unwilling to submit to a French colonization and were well-prepared to fight for their freedom. The first French set tlers spent most of their time in their newly built fort, considering the best tactics for undertaking military action. In practice, though they remained unsuccessful.

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The fifth topic is rituals. Not nec essarily religious in every connota tion of the term, rituals give struc ture and meaning to social life, as they provide people in all circum stances of their life with a sense of purpose and a feeling of safety. The study o f‘rites de passage’ is wellknown, but other rituals which could be easily overlooked by the outsider, are also observed. Dr Karen Middleton discusses rituals of conservation of the umbilical cord and the construction of graves among the Hazohandatse, a former ly nomadic population in the arid south of Madagascar. From birth to death and beyond, human existence is marked by identification rituals that give weight to life. The author points out similar rituals in South east Asia.

In 1648 Govenor Étienne Flacourt was sent to Madagascar. He had studied chemistry, medicine, and botany. His main aim was to pacify the southern region ofMadagascar and to foster economic contacts with the local population. But after arriving in Madagascar and being confronted with the resoluteness with which local kings defended their territory, Flacourt immedi ately reported to France that he needed more military support: ‘Je ne puis plus rien faire si je ne regois des colons, je n'ai auprès de moi que des soldats et cinq ou six ouvtiers particuliers’. As months passed and real military backing from France never materialized, Flacourt became more and more disillusioned with the possibilities for French colonization of the island. His interest turned instead to the natural environment of Madagascar and the history of its people. He started reconstructing the history of the southern popula tion groups and indulged in his passion for botany: he made detailed descriptions and drawings ofMalagasy trees and plants. In 1655 Flacourt left Madagascar. A few years later (1658) he pub lished the first edition of Histoire de la Grande Isle de M adagascar; the sec ond edition was printed in 1661. The work of Flacourt is seen as pio neering not only because he wrote one of the the first books on Mada gascar in the French language, but he also was the first to made a detailed study of the history and culture of the southern population groups. But foremost Flacourt is praised for his work in the field of botany. In the re-edition of Flacourt’s book, Allibert updates the Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar refer ring in notes to comparative and more recent publications on the subjects discussed by Flacourt. This makes the book a fundamental asset to the development ofMala gasy studies and is a marvellous addition to the availability of early works on Madagascar to support present research. ^

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Cultures o f Madagascar:

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Proceedings of the International Congress on Madagascar, Leiden University, 28-29 March 1994. HAS Working Paper Series 1995. The book can be ordered

Cover pa^e of the ib<5T edition of H isto ire de la Grande Isle de M adagascar

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Arlette Kouwenhoven and Tonssaint Kahaxison

Madagascar, the Red Island

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After Greenland, New Guinea and Borneo, Madagascar is the fourth largest island o f the world. The 587,041 km2 o f land were once covered with green rainforest, but the slash-and-burn techniques o f the Malagasy farmers, later aggravated by commercial exploitation o f the rainforest has led to heavy erosion, which has exposed the laterite soil all over the island. Because o f this Madagascar is now called the ‘Red Island’. The remaining rainforest is to be found in the northern part o f the island and on the east coast. The destruction o f the endemic vegetation o f Madagascar has left behind its red wounds especially in the south, where the environment can best be described as a semidesert. The third type o f vegetation on the island, that will remind the visitor a lot o f Asia, is seen on the central highlands, which is the heart o f the rice-production o f the island.

By S a n d r a E v e r s

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Photo:Toussaint Raharison

A r lette Kouwenhoven

and Toussaint Raharison Madagascar, the red island.

159 pp. ca. 300 colour illustrations. Cloth. Dfl. 69,50. ISBN 90-802656-3-2 The book is also available in a Dutch and a French edition and can be ordered from:

W I N C O Publishing

Breestraat I 13a 2311 CL LEIDEN Tel :+31-71-514 35 52 Fax: +31-71-514 14 88

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oum alist Arlette Kou^enhoven introduces the different regions of Madagascar to the reader by giving a description of the environment and its inhabi tants. Throughout the book the information is brought to life by pictures of the Malagasy photogra pher Toussaint Raharison. What does make ‘the Red Island’ different from two other recent publications on Madagascar: Memo M adagascar by the Belgian journalist Fred van Leeuwen, a anecdotal report of his travels in Madagascar, and Mada gascar, a more scientific publication that focuses on history and politics, by the Madagascar specialist Pierre Verin?

Cultural wealth After the historical introduction, Kouwenhoven recounts the immi gration history of the Malagasy population that started around the first century AD. Before the settle ment of the first immigrants Mada gascar is said to have been uninhab ited. In her reconstruction of the past Kouwenhoven highlights the Asian and African migrations to Madagascar. The origin of the Mala gasy people is still a point of contro versy among many Madagascar spe cialists. Above all a debate rages among linguists on the question of where in Asia the ancestors of the Malagasy came from and how they settled the island. Did they come directly to Madagascar or did they settle first on the African east coast? Kouwenhoven is not interested in engaging in this discussion because she describes the history of Mada gascar from a journalistic perspec tive. She evades the immigration debate by choosing the theory that Madagascar was the last stop on the

NSó • Autumn 1775

immigration route for Southeast Asian migrants. According to this theory they settled first in Ceylon, the African east coast and the Comoros. Whether further research on the Malagasy immigration his tory will reveal the origin of the Malagasy population remains to be seen. At the moment we can be sure of two facts. The Southeast Asian origin of the Malagasy people is underlined by the national lan guage, Malagasy, which is an Austronesian language that is spoken all over the island. The African influence in the Malagasy popula tion stems mainly from the 18th and igth centuries, in which period many slaves from Mozambique and South Africa where transported to Madagascar. The migrants who settled in dif ferent parts of Madagascar devel oped their own, social economic, and cultural systems, in which trac es of the Asian and African past are still to be found. Today Madagascar has t8 official ethnic groups, but whether the use of the word ethnic is correct in the Malagasy context or whether we should speak rather of 18 different population groups are other burning points of discussion. I do not really want to walk a tight rope here by joining in this discus sion and, as I can conclude from her book, Kouwenhoven has not chosen this path either. In her ‘the Red Island’ she takes the 18 officially acknowledged ethnic groups as ref erence points in the descriptions of the various parts of the island. The central theme of the book is the cultural life of the Malagasy, which comes most strongly into its own in their rituals. Kouwenhoven bases her information on a litera ture study of both published and unpublished material. Besides such armchair studies, she visited Mada gascar four times in the past seven years to travel over the island. To conjure up her experiences before the reader’s eyes, ‘the Red Island’ is furnished with more than 300 pho tos taken by Toussaint Raharison.

Material poverty After reading the book the reader will know a lot about the so-called mysterious life of the Malagasy. But how disappointed he or she will be when he actually sets foot on Madagascar. None will ever be disappointed by the breathtaking Malagasy landscapes, but discover-

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T h e fa m a d ih a n a (Reburial o f the dead] ing the treasures of Malagasy cul ture is quite another story. The traveller will be confronted with enormous poverty as the island today is one of the poorest coun tries of the world. And the hyper inflation of the most recent years has been a heavy burden for the Malagasy to bear. For many Mala gasy trying to survive is their first priority. This fact of life takes a huge toll on the cultural life of the Malagasy. Most rituals require at least one zebu to be offered to the ancestors. The lack of money makes this ancestral rule very dif ficult to fulfil. In the highlands, where the reburial (famadihana) of the ancestors is a focal point of the cultural life of the Merina and Betsileo, many families are struggling to collect the money for the fa m a d ihana. Some families eventually succeed in finding the funds, but even more do not. Officials note a reduction of the number fa m a d ih a na held in the highlands. Economic problems did and still do impover ish the cultural wealth of the Mal agasy. This has escaped Kouwen hoven, she does no more than mention that the Malagasy only eat meat during rituals. This may have been true in the past but nowadays the abstention from meat is more from economic than cultural reasons. It is obvious that the potential tourist - Madagascar is trying to develop tourism - is not interested in the other side of the coin. But despite of this, it would have been elementary in a book on Madagas car to dedicate some space to the explanation of its current econom

Photo:Toussaint Raharison

ic (and political) situation. Kou wenhoven did not choose to do so and focuses on revealing primary elements of the cultural richness of the mysterious island. She has been successful in achieving this goal and this makes her book, in combination with the elaborate visual material, a unique docu ment.

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„v Brunei • Burma • Cambodia I n d o n e s i a • Laos

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the Philippines • Singapore Thailand

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Interview with Marie-Odette Scalliet ,1

Payen was here!

Marie-Odette Scalliet Photo: W im Vreeburg

Children, kiss the ground! Marie-Odette

Scalliet

The Belgian Antoine Payen (1792-1853) was appointed Governm ent Painter to the N etherlands Indies in 1816 and left for the Indies a year later. King W illiam I had no idea w hat his possessions in the Indies which had ju s t been returned to the D utch in 1816 - looked like. While, o f course, m any etchings o f the Archipelago had been made before, no landscape paintings o f the Indies yet existed and nor had any paintings o f the peoples been made.

Biography of Payen

By D i c k v a n d e r Me i j

r r i h e young J - Payen-he was 23 years old - had been cho sen as appar ently no other painter could be found who was willing to accept the challenge. Payen, who just hap pened to be looking for a better job, accepted the position. In Payen’s time the Indies were not terribly attractive. Only fortune hunters and ‘scum’ went out there - apart from officials of the Dutch Government. Travelling about freely was impos sible and the place was considered nasty anyway, by most. Throughout the time he spent in the Indies, like many people of his time, he kept diaries.

Marie-Odette Scalliet, who has just defended her thesis entitled: Antoine Payen, Peintre des Indes orientales. Vie et e’crits d’un artiste du XIXe siècle (1792-1853), believes it is not the exceptional quality ofPayen’s artistry which makes this man interesting. What makes him fasci nating is that his sketches, draw ings, paintings, have survived along with his diaries. Since he worked for the Dutch Government his artistic output in the Indies, and after his return to Belgium, were considered state property. At present this and his diaries are kept in the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (National Museum for Ethnology) in Leiden. Marie-Odette Scalliet has edited and annotated the diaries Payen wrote between 1817 and 1826. By way of an introduction she has

Portrait o f Payen by Raden Salèh. c. 1830-1. Photo: National M useum for ethnology, Leiden

written a complete biography of the artist. The book is supplemented by an inventory of all his drawings and paintings. Besides a selection of the drawings, all known paintings are illustrated as well. There had been draughtsmen in the Indies before Payen, especially those concerned with drawing nat ural history specimens, plants, shells and such, and portrait paint ers, but no landscape painter. Payen enjoyed considerable freedom. At that time, travel was restricted and nobody was allowed to travel with out a permit. Payen was one of the first to roam freely around the Priangan area of West Java. Also he journeyed through the Priangan with Prof. C.G.C. Reinwardt in 1819 and in 1824 he was one of a party which accompanied Governor-Gen eral G.AS.G.P. van den Capellen on his tour of inspection to the Moluc cas and Sulawesi. Other highlights of his career in the Indies were the eruption of the volcano Mt. Galunggung in West Java in 1822 and, of course, the outbreak of the so-called Java War in 1825. Payen’s diary of this event was edited by Peter Carey in 1988 (Voyage d Djocja-karta en 1825. The Outbreak o f thejava war as seen by a Painter. Cahiers d Archipel no. 17, Paris 1988). Why Payen was chosen to go to the Indies is a puzzle which MarieOdette Scalliet was unable to solve. He was a French-speaking Belgian, so why could no Dutch painter be found? Of course Belgium and Hol land were one nation at the time, but the choice is still somewhat peculiar. Perhaps the established Dutch painters were not interested. Whatever the case, it was Payen who went. He left his sweetheart, Pau line, behind for 10 years and when he finally came back she died eleven months later while giving birth to his daughter. He married again two years later, but this wife died two years later. His third wife, Pauline’s youngest sister, survived him! Payen was a child of his time. He was fascinated by natural history and, as well as making paintings and drawings, he also put together a collection of birds and insects. The collection of insects is at present preserved in the Musée

Peintre des Indes O rien ta le s Vie et Écrifs d'un artiste du XIX* siècle |!7»a-t*5Jl

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, v ix l\ d’Histoire Naturelle in Tournai, where it is permanently on display. There is even a butterfly which bears his name (Papilio payeni or Dabasa payeni). The collection of birds went to the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels, but is not preserved as an apart collection. The birds have been dispersed among birds from other collections. He also collected a number of Malay Hikayat texts which are kept at the Bibliothèque Royale Albert ter in Brussels. These were prob ably copied for him, as they all have the same date: 1823. The diaries are of a factual nature but they are first and foremost unique documents. There is little literary value and Payen speaks straight from his heart and what ever he wrote is dependable. He only wrote about what he himself had seen or experienced. There are only a few witnesses from this par ticular time who wrote about their daily lives in this manner. The man Payen comes over as a sympathetic, friendly person who did not take himself too seriously, who loved

the Indies and was happy there. In fact, had he not been engaged to Pauline he might never have come back to Europe at all. Payen also enjoys some fame as the teacher of the Javanese boy Raden Salèh who later became the well-known paint er. Raden Salèh stayed with him in Bogor and Bandung, and later visit ed him in Tournai during the many years he spent in Europe. Marie-Odette Scalliet has spent 6 years of her life studying this painter. She became absolutely absorbed in her subject and the result is a book of more than 900 pages. She became so infatuated that a small anecdote she happened to mention should be passed on. One day, while touring around by bicycle with her two children, Saskia and Tristan, she happened to pass the villa ‘Voorlinden’ in Was senaar. This was the country house of the former Commissionary-Gen eral and Minister for Colonies: C.Th. Elout. Payen happened to have visited Elout at Voorlinden in 1828. Immediately she exclaimed laughingly: ‘Payen was here!! Children kiss the ground!’ ^

Autumn 1995 •

has n e w s l e t t e r

• 5 3

SOUTHEAST

ASIA M O S C O W RUSSIA

The future with an Ascan of ten members

The N usantara Society

A s e a n -iz in g S o u th east Asia On 28 July, 1995, Vietnam was formally welcomed into the Asean fold as its seventh member. A regional rival o f staunchly anti-com m unist Asean up to the late 1980s, Vietnam ’s entry paves the way for a further enlargement o f Asean. It is very likely that the rest o f Indochina Cambodia and Laos - as well as M yanm ar w ill soon follow in Vietnam ’s footsteps. In all probability, Asean w ill become an associa tion o f all ten Southeast Asian states by the tu rn o f the century. The prospect o f an enlarged Asean, is both a cause for hope and a pause for thought. By B ils o n

K u ru s

A n associaZAtion

encompassing all the current ten countries would be in a stronger posi tion to speak for the destiny o f the region, which has long been an arena o f great power competition. It w ill provide a stronger avenue for Southeast Asians to be heard in international fora. I t w ill be a potential vehicle for the peoples o f the region, i f not to lead, then, at least to be legitimate co-partners in shaping the future social, economic and political landscapes o f South east Asia, the Asia-Pacific, and the world itse lf

Consensus But a bigger Asean w ill mean new challenges, bigger responsibilities and even potentially more internal squabbles. It w ill also mean some necessary adjustments on both sides. Is Asean capable or, perhaps more im portant, w illin g to con fron t the consequences o f a larger entity? An immediate challenge for a bigger Asean is getting a diverse group o f members to agree w ith each other. W ith six members, Asean had already found it d iffic u lt to achieve consensus w ith o u t which Asean had frequently resorted to the expedience o f ‘agreeing to disagree’. It is unlikely that Asean’s consensu al modus operandi w ill be replaced by a m ajority decision-making pro cess anytime soon. This means Asean’s reliance on pragmatism laced w ith a generous sp irit o f compromise and goodwill, on the part o f its leaders, w ill be both correspondingly greater and critical to its organizational cohe sion and unity. M inus this ingredi ent, Asean may find its e lf backpe dalling rather than forging ahead towards the frontier o f regionalism in Southeast Asia. The entrance o f members who are further behind in the economic realm in relation to the first six members w ill unquestionably test the Asean sp irit o f compromise and goodwill to their lim its. W ill new members be seen as threats and competitors for extra-Asean invest 3 4

ments? Conversely, w ill invest ments from the more advanced members be perceived as exploita tions by the new members? I f issues such as these are shelved rather than dealt w ith in a prag matic and meaningful manner, Asean m ig h t u n w ittin g ly become a defacto ‘disparate and unequal’ entity. As it is, the economic, not to mention political, gap between I Vietnam and the other candidates for Asean membership could poten tia lly result in a m ulti-tiered organ ization. That would undoubtedly defeat the purpose o f widening the Asean circle.

H isto rical tensions While the entry o f Vietnam into the ranks o f Asean is a final a ffir m ation o f Asean’s closure o f its longstanding Cold War-induced conflict w ith Vietnam over Cambo dia, it would be a quantum leap o f fa ith to assume that the historical tension between Thailand and Viet nam w ill now be a th in g o f the past. As the Flor Contemplacion saga between the Philippines and Singa pore illustrated, spats could occa sionally s till arise even among friends. The assertion by a Thai Prime M inister in the early 1990s to tu rn Indochina into an ‘economic battlefield’ suggests that competi tion for influence in what each sees as its legitim ate ‘backyard’ remains. Vietnam's entry into Asean may have only redirected the com petition to a more benign area. Yet the admission o f Vietnam into Asean and the keen interest indicated by Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar to follow in Vietnam’s footsteps is also a positive affirm a tion that the benefits and advan tages (tangible and otherwise) o f Asean membership outweigh any potential drawbacks. In this respect, Vietnam’s entry has expanded the potential Asean mar ket to about 420 m illio n people. And when Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar jo in the ranks o f Asean, the Asean Free Trade Area w ill indeed become a defacto Southeast Asian free trade area. This can only fu rthe r boost the region’s attrac tiveness for trade and investment as well as p ut Asean in an even stronger position to deal w ith extra-Asean trade partners.

- IIAS n e w s l e t t e r TsCd • Autumn 1995

The Spratly Islands On the political and diplomatic fronts, the inclusions o f Vietnam and the other Indochinese states as well as Myanmar would further bolster the a bility o f Asean to deal w ith extra-regional actors over troublesome issues such as the con flic tin g claims over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. Vietnam’s entry into Asean has in essence Asean-ized the dispute over the Spratlys given that Malaysia, the Philippines and Brunei are also claimants to parts o f the Spratlys, which is claimed in its entirety by China. I f Asean chooses to deal w ith China as a bloc over the Spratlys, the addition o f Vietnam cannot but be seen as a ‘structural empowerment’ o f Asean. Such a move is certainly not unprecedent ed as Asean has taken a sim ilar approach in dealing w ith Japan and Australia over trade-related issues in the past. Arguably, the expansion o f Asean is perhaps the impetus that the organization needs in order to m aintain its raison d’etre. And what could be more fittin g than to start w ith Vietnam, its erstwhile regional antagonist for the better part o f its existence. In the short term, it allows the original members to act in a bigger arena and may partially deflect the desire by some members to look beyond Asean towards broader regional arrangements. In the long term, an enlarged Asean m ight serve as a viable ‘home base’ from which members can either venture into, or retreat from, the interna tional arena depending on the evolving global scenario. Either way, widening the Asean circle is a challenge w orthy o f an organization which, in the eyes o f its detractors, would founder in the post-Cambo dia era.

D r Bilson Kurus is a Visiting Research Associate w ith the Institute for Development Studies, Sabah, Malaysia.

This article appeared in Trends No.60, August lb -2 1 1995. Trends is a monthly publication o f the Institute o f Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore, distributed with the Business Times.

The Nusantara Society was founded on 10 January 1990 and incorpo rated on 7 July 1992. The Society comprises around seventy research fellows, professors, lecturers, students, and post graduates at Moscow and St-Petersburg academic institutions, universities, and colleges o f higher education, studying the vast region populated by the peoples speaking Austronesian languages. It includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, Madagascar, and Oceania as well as the countries where Austronesian minorities are present such as Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan (Republic o f China). r i p he main

INSTITUTIONAL JL aims o f

Nusantara Society’s scien tific activity are establish ing contacts w ith scientific institutions and u n i versities in Nusantara, Europe, the USA, and Australia, organizing exchange o f books, periodicals, and other materials, w orking out jo in t research projects, arranging confer ences and seminars. The Society intends to encourage the research work o f postgraduates and students and to facilitate academic visits abroad o f Russian specialists, post graduates, and students. As far as is in its power, i t is ready to favour the exchange o f inform ation between countries in Nusantara and Russia, organize all kinds o f exhibitions, performances, video and film reviews, as well as facilitating tours between the two sides. As it does not yet have any office o f its own, the Nusantara Society is greatly obliged to the Moscow Cen tre o f the Russian Geographic Soci ety (RGS), where the Malay-Indonesian Seminars - the starting point for the Nusantara Society - have been held for a long time. The Nusantara Society also maintains close cooperation w ith the Institute o f Asian and African Countries, U ni versity ofMoscow, which now serves as the depository for the g ift library o f Nusantara Society, pre sented m ainly by the Leiden U ni versity and the Royal Institute o f Linguistics and Anthropology (KITLV) in the Netherlands, the University o f Malaya, Malayan Lan guage and Literary Agency (DBP), the University ofSingapore, and the Australian National University. The expenses o f the Society are defrayed from the small fund made up o f member’s fees and some dona tions by the KITLV, DBP, and PRIMA Comexindo (Rus) Ltd.

NEWS

Board President

Professor Boris Parnickel Vice-presidents:

Professor Alexander Ogloblin and D r NickolaiTolmachev Secretary:

D r Tatiana Dorofeeva Members:

ProfessorVilen Sikorsky Drs C yril M ironov Drs Marc Ulianov

T h e N u san tara Society 14-1-67 Dybenko Str Moscow 125475 Russia Tel: +7-95-451 7987 Fax: +7-95-200 3216 / 203 3647

SOUTHEAST

Writing material fro m Indonesia

ASIA

means but still know how to make the material. At the end of 1994 they showed me how to make dluwang. Between ^68-1975 the Indonesian government experimented with afforestation and reforestation of the Broussonetia in order to set up a largescale paper factory. The experiments in itself did not fail, but the economic possibilities were not promising enough so the project was stopped. In East Java three qualities of dlu wang are distinguished, on Madura and in the rest of Java only two. The finest quality is used for the better and the fact that it had been used for mulberry tree or not, we do not manuscripts and letter writing; the a long time in a sacred sphere, prob know. In Old Javanese literature we medium quality for writing paper, ably led to the employment ofdlufind ample proof of tapa being used simple books, account books, wayang wang as a substitute for palm-leaf. for clothing in Java. Dluwang is beber and bookbinding material; the From the 18th century, when the mentioned three times in the rough quality for wrapping paper, import of Dutch paper rose, the Java Ramayana, providing written evi kites, wrappers and folders. For the nese royal courts started using paper dence as far back as the 9th century. best quality the youngest branches in their scriptoria more often. It is also mentioned in three texts are selected The bast will be ferment Dluwang was also used in other from the time of the court ofKediri, ed for as long as two weeks and final areas, one of them being the use as 12th century: Sumanasantaka; the ly both sides of the beaten bast are the material on which to depict the Bhoma Kawya; and the Rama Wijaya. sanded with different leaves and pol episodes of the woyang beber. At least From these and seven other Old Java ished extensively with a cowrie shell. from the late 17th century, but prob nese texts we can conclude that in For the medium sort the fermenta ably much earlier, these Indonesian the pre-Islamic era clothes made tion time is much shorter and only scrolls have been painted on dlu from dluwang were worn by priests, one side is sanded and polished. The wang. especially ascetics. Moreover, these other side is already more or less Another example is the recourse to men of religion had the right to smooth because it has been pressed Javanese tapa as a bookbinding mate plant the necessary raw material and on a banana trunk to dry. The rough rial. Simple booklets were bound in had the right to levy taxes on the quality does not need much atten plain dluwang wrappers. When trade in the final product. This is tion, the bast is not fermented and bound in leather the endpapers were corroborated in a few Malay texts. In polished at all and usually it is ready sometimes made of tapa. Surprisingly 1646 a Dutch travel journal refers to a within less than half an hour. While the boards were also built up of thin people moving from East Java to on Madura the sanding in first stripes of dluwang, inscribed or West Java and clothed in ’...white instance is done with a bamboo or blank. This phenomenon is known in paper made from the bast of trees...’ rattan beater, on Java this is done Western codicology as membra disjecta, Finally dluwang was reported as a with a carved piece of coconut shell. meaning parts of discarded vellum. material used for clothing in t8i7 This shell leaves peculiar marks on These pieces can be left-overs but and in World War II some Javanese, the finished product, which can help sometimes they originate from cut for want of better, resorted to barkus to identify the origin of the tapa. up older manuscripts. Following cloth for clothing. Local differences are also established Western codicology we can name the In public Javanese manuscript col in the kind of leaves and beans that above phenomenon liber disjecta. The lections, an average of 8%consists of are used in sanding and polishing. To above applications can be found in manuscripts written on dluwang, for lengthen the beaten bast two pieces manuscripts written on paper as well the large Dutch collection the per are put together with an overlap of as on dluwang. At the beginning of centage is only 2.6%. Dluwang was one centimetre. The overlap is beaten the colonial era, dluwang was uti also used for some of the Malay and till one big piece is formed. This pro lized by Dutch authorities who were Madurese manuscripts. The oldest cess can be repeated indefinitely. faced with a big shortage of paper. known manuscript on dluwang is a Often dluwang has been called The material was employed as wrapJavanese Islamic text from the end of treebark paper or Ponorogo paper. ping paper and made into folders. the 16th century, the so-called ‘Boek But the material is in fact not a paper. Local authorities were still using van Bonang’. The first Javanese The raw material is not beaten to a these folders until i960. Islamic works in the 16th century pulp and there is no question of a were written on palm-leaf Soon the mould dipped in fibrous water to Dluwang production scriptoria were looking for other form a felt sheet of paper. The best By the end of last century it became material as the palm-leaves were term is ‘beaten treebark’ or tapa. In clear to some scientists that the pro unsuitable for the typical Islamic certain instances dluwang has been duction of dluwang was on the verge bookform: the codex. Palm-leaf will called kertas telo, erroneously sup of disappearance. They started to col break easily when folded, besides posed to have been made of manioc. lect the bronze beaters and other which the Arabic script is not easily Analysis of samples of this material tools. The interest of the colonial gov engraved on the leaves. As all paper showed it is made of the paper-mul ernment grew when they heard of a had to be imported, and thus was berry tree and no difference with dlu fabulous Japanese paper made of the extremely expensive, the scribes had wang could be detected. Today kertas same raw material as that from to Familiar ^ resort to other — material. —------------telo indicates for imported cotton-rag which dluwang was made. As the with dluwang as an artistic material paper from the Chinese province export cost appeared to be too high, Kwang-si. Finally dluwang can be they dropped the idea of any further ' defined as a beaten treebark (tapa) of development. At the turn of this cen the paper-mulberry tree (Broussonetia tury the only production centres left papynfera Vent.) from Java or Madura. were Tunggilis, kecematan Garut, and I hope this research will help to Tegalsari, kecematan Ponorogo. Under clarify some of the uncertainties the Ethical Policy a final revival of about the indigenous native writing governmental interest was notice materials of Java. Maybe it will con able. Some departments tried to tribute to a better understanding of arouse the interest of publishers and the history of Javanese literature. artists in the mother country.

D luw ang, a Javanese/M adurese Tapa from the Paper-m ulberry Tree Dluwang is m ainly know n as a w riting m aterial from Java and M adu ra. Islamic m anuscripts especially are w ritten on this m aterial. Unfor tunately m any o f the m anuscripts are in bad shape, they seem to w het th e appetite o f insects and not seldom are severely affected by all kinds o f moulds. Many experts on Javanese language and literature wonder w hat dluw ang is. Is it ju s t another nam e for paper; is it made o f manioc and the same as kertas telo; is it a beaten treebark generally known as ‘tapa’? At th e instigation o f the TCZOA, Leiden the research project Dluwang, Culturo-Historical Aspects and Material Characteristics was set up in order to answer these questions and to contribute to future conservation. The final report o f the one-year study was sub m itted to the D utch Secretary o f Education and Science, who subsi dized the project, in May, 1995. By R e n é T e y g e l e r th e first RESEARCH Tl. aim of the study was to identify the raw material and PROJECTS other materials involved by means of botanical and chemical analysis. These results should then lead to a material characteristic. Sec ondly it was hoped to reconstruct the production process by studying pri mary and secondary sources, for which a three month field research was planned. At the same time it was necessary to sketch in the historical background. The literature leaves no doubt that dluwang is a beaten treebark (tapa]. To identify the plant material 16 ref erence sections were excised from four plants and compared with 25 dluwang samples from Dutch and Indonesian collections, ranging in time from 1875 till today. As the most probable possibility the Rijksherbari. um, Leiden, identified the plant as the Broussonetia pagynfera Vent., popu larly known as the paper-mulberry tree. This plant is very well known as a raw material for paper-making and tapa production throughout East and Southeast Asia, and Polynesia. The Broussonetia is not a plant endemic to in Indonesia but originated in South China and probably found its way to Java via Taiwan, the Philippines, the Moluccas, and Sulawesi.

The Dluwang material To arrive at a characterization of the dluwang material two methods of separation were tested. The Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, experiment ed with a method called Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). This method is meant to obtain a quick and clear answer regarding the properties of the sample. It had never been tested on bast materials before. In the case of the TLC for separation of natural resins the results were disappointing, but the TLC for separation of colours was successful. It can be said, observ ing all due caution, that this method allows us to distinguish dluwang from tapas made of other plant mate-

rials. At the laboratory of the Conser vation Department of the Royal Library, The Hague, dluwang was tested using the separation method of Iso Electro focusing (IEF). This method separates proteins and amino acids, and again had never been test ed earlier on bast materials. The tests showed that dluwang can be distin guished from the bast of the Artocarpus and the Gnetum families. Howev er, no distinction could be made between the dluwang samples and the bast of the Ficus family. It did make a distinction between the dlu wang and the Ficus samples, but one that could not be explained. Further research on bast materials using IEF is needed to clarify this point.

Uses fo r tapa Tapa is known to occur almost everywhere in the tropics. The main use ofbarkcloth is for clothing, rang ing from plain loin-cloths to beauti ful decorated jackets. As barkcloth was replaced by woven cloth its func tion was relegated more and more to ceremonials and rituals. Only in Java and in Central-America has tapa ever been used as writing material. The earliest proof of tapa production is the find of a stone tapa beater in Tai wan dated 4300 BC. Similar prehis toric proof has been found in Java. One tapa beater was found near Bogor, West Java, and another near Pakauman, East Java, both dating DacK to tne nieouuuc era. w ucum back the Neolithic Era. Whether this tapa was made from the paper-

Tools/or the preparation of dluwang

Although some Dutch books were bound in dluwang, the efforts were soon banished to oblivion. After World War II only one family in Tunggilis, near Garut, was still engaged in making dluwang. When the father of the family died in 1965 his wife took over till her death in 1980. Their sons earn a living by other Autumn 1995 •

has new sletter

NS6 •

SOUTHEAST

ASIA

The story o f D arma Tasiah

In Praise of a V irtuous W om an

Islamic tradition and popular proverbs have it that Heaven is full o f poor people, and Hell o f women. In Indonesia there are quite a few (Muslim) woman-demeaning stories. Nevertheless, there are also some Islamic stories in which ideal pious women can be praised in the most glowing terms, undoubtedly just because they are so different from the ordinary representatives o f their sex. One o f these stories is the story o f Darma Tasiah. In one o f the theses o f my PhD dissertation (Wieringa 1994), I suggested that the Javanese version o f this story is based upon the Malay Hikayat Darma Tasiah which possibly entered Javanese literature via Cirebon, an old centre o f Javanese-Islamic cul ture. From April - July I was in Indonesia to make a study o f the Darma Tasiah corpus, financially supported by a grant o f the HAS. T n a nutshell X the story of Darma Tasiah tells about a pious woman, PROJECTS the eponymous heroine, who offends her husband by inadver tently one night allowing a lamp, the sole source oflight in their house, to go out. Incensed by this carelessness, her husband throws her out. After being rejected by her parents too, Darma Tasiah wanders off, to perform penance in a forest. The angel Jibrail (i.e. Gabriel) visits her and clothes her in splendid new garments and transform her into the likeness of a beautiful nymph descended from Heaven. Returning to her family she is not recognized at first, but in the end Darma Tasiah is joyously reunited with her husband. The Darma Tasiah belongs to a category of texts featuring an ‘inno cent, persecuted heroine' as its pro tagonist. In these tales, which are found in many parts of the world, the heroine is depicted as particu larly virtuous: she will not succumb to evil, even under the most hor rible of circumstances. The heroine is banished to the wilderness, but with the help of a saint, angel or the like, she is miraculously saved and in the end she is fully rehabilitated (cf Dan 1977 and Brednich et al. 1987:113-115). Although the Darma Tasiah, generally speaking, belongs to the female fairy tales in which the heroine endures trials and trib ulations, it is more specifically a sacred legend: Darma Tasiah is a saintly figure and the miraculous helper is an agent-of-the sacred, namely Jibrail, the best known among the angels of Islam. The Darma Tasiah story is found in numerous manuscripts in Malay, Javanese (where it is called Murtasiya or Murtasiyah), and Acehnese (where it is known as Hikayat Inong), and continues to be recited and interpreted in some parts of Indo nesia, namely in Riau, Java, and Madura. In the so-called Major Cetithini, known as the encyclopaedia of Javanese culture, we find one important reference to a reading of the Darma Tasiah at a wedding cer emony. In Cantos 143:19 - 150:57 in the second volume of Kamajaya’s edition (Kamajaya 1986:218-274; translated into Indonesian in Daru-

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ever, had been passed down from generation to generation. The rath er idiosyncratic handwriting bars an easy interpretation; when I showed the Cirebon manuscripts to some Javanese experts at the Mangkunagaran library (Surakarta, Cen tral Java), they could not make head or tail of them. According to these experts, who are daily engaged in transliterating Javanese texts, the writing was too coarse, too rustic to be deciphered. During my visit to Cirebon I learned that-there were still quite a few dhalang maca active. Unfortu nately I did not have the time to investigate Cirebon literature more closely. Hopefully this can be done at a later stage. To get a complete picture of the Darma Tasiah corpus it will then also be necessary to visit Riau, Aceh, and Madura where the story also is known. Clearly, the numerous manu scripts not to mention its still active use in'different parts of Indonesia testify to the Darma Tasiah’s cultu ral, and especially religious, signifi cance in Indonesia, past and present. The best way to make the Darma Tasiah corpus available for a larger audience of students of litera ture, anthropology, (Islamic) relig ion and the like, seems to be philo logical research of the written sources in combination with field work.

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- Behrend, T.E., 1987, TheSeratJatisw ara. Structure and change in ajavanese poem

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mm» suprapta et al. 1992:207-227) there is an elaborate scene in which during a nocturnal group vigil on the eve of a wedding ceremony, a learned female tells the guests exemplary stories concerning women, includ ing a version of several cantos of the Darma Tasiah story.

Javanese, Malay, and Acehnese versions During my study tour I decided to concentrate on the Javanese ver sion of the Darma Tasiah, because in Javanese the story is represented in different recensions. My first impression, based upon a quick perusal of the Malay material at the National Library in Jakarta, was that the Malay manuscripts seemed to show little variation and in Aceh nese the text is represented by a sin gle manuscript only. The apparent ly unique manuscript of the Aceh nese version is a rather sweeping transformation of the Malay Hikay at Darma Tasiah and interspersed with Malay. Unfortunately the manuscript could not be traced when I wanted to consult it at the National Library in Jakarta. There fore I had to be satisfied with a microfilm which was barely legible. As far as the Javanese texts are con cerned, I wanted to apply a so-called ‘corpus-based strategy’ which means that by a meticulous scruti ny of the whole body of manu

TSI56 • Autumn 1995

Unpublished PhD thesis Austra lian National University.

- J

scripts the Darma Tasiah can be divided into discrete stages of its textual development (see for this new philological approach in Java nese literature Behrend 1987 and Wieringa 1994). In the course of time the Javanese version of the Darma Tasiah has clearly passed through a number of evolutionary stages. One of the most recent recensions, dating from the early 19th century in Surakarta, is a frame story of a few hundred pages in which an overwhelming proportion of the text is devoted to episodes of religious discussion. Interestingly, most of the material of this recension seems to have been borrowed from other texts (cf Beh rend 2987:332-336). As I had suspect ed previously, that is to say before my fieldwork, the shorter, and most probably older, recensions seem to point to Cirebon as the place where the Darma Tasiah entered Javanese literature. Further research, howev er, is needed to verify this hypothe sis.

Cirebon literature Lack of time necessitated I confine my research to the major public libraries in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Surakarta. I made one excursion to Cirebon, because it is known that in

A weeping Darma Tasiah leaving her parental home. (Courtesy Museum Sonobudoyo,Yogyakarta)

Cirebon there are quite large manu script collections belonging to pri vate individuals. The problem is, however, how to discover individu als or families with manuscripts. Obviously it is impossible to go from door to door in search of man uscripts. Nevertheless, by a stroke of good luck I had stumbled upon an unpublished Indonesian research report about private manuscript collection in Cirebon and this men tioned at least one Darma Tasiah text. After some difficulties in locat ing its owner, I was able to visit this person who lives in a small village in the vicinity of Cirebon. He was a so-called dhalang maca, i.e. a man who recites traditional Javanese poems on various occasions, like rites of passage (birth, circumcision, marriage, etc.), the annual village cleansing ceremonies, etc. He turned out to be a good-humoured man who had no objections to have his manuscript collections photo copied. His manuscripts were all still very new as they had only recently been written down. The texts of these manuscripts, how-

Dr Edwin Wieringa is a philologist of Indonesian literatures.

- Brednich, R o lf Wilhelm et al, 1987, Enzyklopadie des Marchens. Handwörterbuch zur historischen und vergleichenden Erzahlforschung. Band 5. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. - Dan, liana, 1977, ‘The innocent persecuted heroine: an attempt at a model for the surface level of the narrative structure of the female fairy tale’, in: Heda Jason and Dimitri Segal (eds.), Patterns in oral literature (The Hague, Paris: Mouton), pp. 13-30.

- Darusuprapta et al,, 1992, Centhini; Tam bangrarasAmongraga. Karya Ngabei Ranggasutrasna dkk., Kanjeng Gusti Tangeran Adipati Anom Amengkunagara III (Sunan Pakubuwana Vj.jihd II. Disadur ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. - Kamajaya, 1986, Sérat Cêtithini (SulukTambangraras).Jüid II. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Centhini. - Wieringa, E.P, 1994, Babad Bangun Tapa. De ballingschap van Pakubuwana VI op Ambon, 1830-1849. Unpublished PhD thesis University of Leiden.

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th e first thing which should be reported is the reconstruc PROJECTS tion of the three temples, Candi A, Candi Nandi, and Candi B, that stand across from the main temple [see ground-plan] and are often mistakenly called candi wahana or vahana temples. The reconstruc tion of these temples was started in 1991, just before I left Indonesia, and was completed in 1994. This is not the place to describe the exterior of the reconstructed temples, the beau ty of which can be admired and studied in detail by every visitor. Instead, I want to call attention to the less well-known fact that, in the framework of the reconstruction, the Indonesian Archaeological Ser vice made a detailed study of the foundation of the Nandi temple tak ing this temple apart to the last stone. The purpose of this exercise was to describe the composition and structure of the foundation, before the temple was definitively recon structed. In the course of this activ ity several interesting matters came to light, such as some remains of socalled ‘ritual deposits'. It was further determined that the Nandi temple (just as probably all the other tem ples in the central temple area) was solidly founded in the soil or ‘ancho red’, so to speak (see below), because the invisible foundation was con structed from a 3-metre thick layer of anthracite and river-boulders. This lay on top of a thick layer of limestone blocks about 6 metres thick that had been neatly placed on top of each other (personal commu nication Drs. Bambang Prasetya Wahyuhono). Based on the results of the strati graphic analysis of the soil around the Nandi temple and elsewhere, it can be noted that the soil profile of the temple area is structured in such a way that layers of different kinds of soil and other materials, such as sand, clay, gravel, and larger and smaller river-boulders, alternate. Contrary to Krom’s (1923:451) sug gestion, the local soil does not con sist of sand, easily permeable by water. Rather, in view of the particu lar structure of the soil in the cen tral temple area, permeability to water must have been practically zero. This is certainly true of the top layer, which, because it was inten sively trodden upon, and contami nated by building materials, must have been so degraded since the beginning of the construction in the late 8th-early 9th century, that a socalled ‘slaking’ or ‘sealing surface’ came into being, through which water could hardly move at all (per sonal communication, Drs. W. Hoogmoed, soil tillage expert, Uni versity of Wageningen) This is sup ported by Soekmono’s (1985:688) observation that ‘the fine sand of which the soil seems to consist in reality is dried mud’. These data adequately explain the poor drainage of the central temple area (a problem already mentioned in the Archaeological Reports of the colonial period) and are the reason for the rigorous measures taken by the Indonesian Archaeological Ser vice to improve the drainage of the

RESEARCH

ASIA

Report on ajourney to Java

Prambanan 1995:

A H ypothesis C onfirm ed By R o y E. J o r d a a n

In view o f the forthcoming publication o f a new book about Candi Prambanan or Candi Loro Jonggrang, Roy Jordaan recently made a brief visit to Central Java, with the support o f an HAS travel grant, in order to ascertain the present state o f the reconstruction o f the Hmdu-Javanese temple complex. Some o f his findings are presented below.

water that the priests made in a spe cial temple ritual. This inundation of the compound brings me to the question of water supply, a point that up to now could only be guessed at. It seems, howev er, that a satisfactory answer has been found. In collecting the photo graphs and illustrations for the forthcoming book, I had the oppor tunity to consult the second part of IJzerman’s Beschrijving der oudheden..., the so-called Atlas, which I was not, until recently, able to consult. On Plate XVII, fig. 67, there is a line [cor responding to the dotted line in the ground-plan], which indicates the course of an underground, stone water conduit: starting from the northern part of the third wall, it runs straight into and out of the temple complex, in the course of which it closely follows the contours of the central temple area, partially

Recent drainage measures in the Western part o/the central courtyard. Photo: Eef Hoekstra

j L ,-,

iff

The Loro J o n g g ra n g temple complex, Prambanan, Centraljava

-««..at

underneath the fourth row of sub sidiary temples that have now disap peared. The course of the water con duit must certainly be based on technical considerations, in connec tion with the maintenance of the fall of the water, which had been diverted from the river at a higher point. This fall could not have been a = Candi Apit Legend mauntained in the central temple 1. Candi Siva i area, which is constructed as a raised = Candi Kelir 2. Candi Visnu terrace. Old photographs of a stone 3. Candi Brahma i water-course and an associated cul & = Candi Perwara 4. Candi A vert, in the archives of the Archaeo 5. Candi Nandi logical Service (see OD photo no. ............ = Underground Water Conduit (Ijzerman 1891) 6 . Candi B 7760 and OD photo no. 11403-4), which, due to a lack of information Plan o f the Prambanan temple complex in the accompanying report (Oud heidkundig Verslag i931_1935)> ing reason for the drainage prob central temple area. These measures could not be pointed out before lems in the central temple area was proved to be much more extensive now, give a good impression of the never raised. Must we assume, as is than the few hand-dug gutters that size of the Prambanan water con usually done, that it concerns a I found in the western part of the duit. The culvert, in any case, was short-coming or design error by the temple area in 1991. No less than 20 large enough for an adult man to early Hindu-Javanese architects, or concrete drainage pits were involved stand up to waist-height in, which did these architects indeed intend here, spread over the central temple implies that it must have been fairly the central temple area to be filled area. From conversations with the easy to raise the water from the river with water, based on considerations official directly involved, and from at these points, and transport it to not fully understood, or not taken the unpublished report Laporan pemthe terrace. The new information seriously enough by us. For some benahan halaman pusat Candi Pramba concerning the course underground years now, I have been attempting to nan [Report on the improvement of of the water conduit, as well as show that the latter is the case (Jor the central courtyard of Candi Pram about the special structure of the daan 1989; 1991). banan] (1993). it appeared that the soil of the central temple area, con Summarizing briefly, it is my drainage pits were connected to each firm the hypothesis that Prambanan opinion that in their concept of the other with an underground system was conceived of, and built as a holy temple complex, the architects of pvc drainage pipes. Furthermore, water sanctuaiy. Architecturally, wanted to give concrete form to the around each of the temples in the Candi Prambanan is as much of a Hindu myth about the churning of central temple area a ditch had been wonder as Borobudur. the ocean, which, as is known, was dug, filled with a layer of gravel. the origin ofamerta, holy water. On These were also connected to the the basis of this myth, the temple above mentioned drainage pits. complex was built in such a way, Although understandable, and to that the central temple area could be some degree defensible, these meas Dr Roy E. Jordaan obtained his PhD flooded with water on certain relig ures are open to discussion and cri in Anthropology from the University ious feast days, and function as a tique from a scientific point of view, of Leiden. pool (tank) or a reservoir for the holy because the question of the underly Aut umn

References Anonymous, 1993, Laporan pembenahan halaman pusat Candi Prambanan ranggal i5juni s/d 15 September 1993. [Bogem: Panitia Pemugaran Candi Wahana Candi Lorojonggrang Prambanan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Dinas Purbakala]. Ijzerman, J.W., 1891, Beschrijving der Oudheden Nabij de Grens der Residenties Soerakarta en Djokjakarta. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. [2 vols.] Jordaan, Roy E., 1989, ‘A holy water sanctuary at Pramba nan’, Amerta: Berkala Arkeologi 11:17-41. - 1991, ‘Text, temple, tirtha’, in: Lokesh Chandra (ed.J, The Art and Culture o f South-East Asia, pp. 165-181. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. - Krom, N.J., 1923, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. Oudheidkundig Verslag, 1938, Uittreksel van de Oudheidkundige Verslagen van de Oudheidkundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië, 1931-1935. Batavia: de Unie Soekmono, R., 1985, ‘Lumpur dalam konstruksi candi’, in: Sulastin et al. (eds.) Bahosa-sastra-budaya; Ratna manikam untaian persembahan kepada Prof. DrP.J. Zoetmulder, pp. 684-696. Yogyakarta: UGM.

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26- 27 JUNE I 995 BERG EN DAL,THE NETHERLANDS EIGHTH ANNUAL WORKSHOP OF ESSJN

28 AUGUST - 2 SEPTEMBER 1995 JAYAPURA, IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA

The P olitics o f V iolence, the V iolence o f P olitics

N ew G uinea Languages and L inguistics

On June 26 and 27 1995, the 8th Annual Workshop o f the European Social Science Java N etw ork (ESSJN) was held at Hotel Erica in the hills o f Berg en Dal near Nijm egen, the N etherlands. The workshop was organized and sponsored by the Centre o f Pacific Studies and the D epartm ent o f Anthropology o f the University o f Nijm egen. Finan cial support was also given by the International In stitu te for Asian Studies (HAS) in Leiden.

The first International Conference on New Guinea Languages and Linguistics was organized jo in tly by the Universities o f Cenderawasih (Irian Jaya, Indone sia) and Papua New Guinea (PNG), and held at the University o f Cenderawasih in Jayapura from 28 August to 2 September 1995.

By H u u b de J o n g e

By Mi r ia m van S t a d e n

I’T ^ h e central J . aim of the network, which was founded in 1988, is to bring together social scientists and historians working on Java. The net work, usually called the ‘Java Club’, is a loosely-structured organization. In fact, it is only a list of scholars as well as PhD students who specialize in Java or Javanese outside the island itself Members get together once a year - alternately in the Netherlands and in another European country to share research output and recent experiences, under the auspices of one of the institutions to which they are attached. The general theme of the 8th meeting was ‘The Politics of Vio lence, the Violence of Politics’. Vio lence is often seen as exceptional, as not belonging to normal condi tions. That probably explains why so little work has been done on vio lence in general and why existing studies often have a high moralistic content. The study of violence in Java, so often presented as ‘peaceful’ in Orientalist approaches, suffers from both these shortcomings. For that reason in the workshop vio lence was discussed as a more daily phenomenon than insiders and out siders are normally willing to admit: at the domestic and neigh bourhood level; in socio-economic relations; and in regional and national politics. The topics were discussed in four sessions. The first was concerned with domestic and local violence. The papers discussed related to The Formal Denial o f Domestic Violence on Java (Ines Smyth and Rosalia Sciortino), Youth Violence in Jakarta and otherjavanese Cities (Solita Sarwono), Cooperation and Conflict among Iron Founders in C entraljava (Mario Rutten), and Violence and Self-Help among the Madurese (Huub de Jonge). The second session was on violence and the Indonesian revolution. Starting point of the discussion were the papers on The ‘Indonesian Revolution’ in a Cultural Perspective (Hans Antlöv and Stein Tonnesson), Indonesian Youth Groups Confronting theJavanese M ilitary (Willem Wol-

ters), and The Dutch Hostage Strate,qy during the Bersiap-Period (Wim Hen drix). The theme of the third session was intimidation and development. The papers included Symbolic Exclu sion: state violence towards Indonesian NGOs (Meuthia Rochman), The D ynam ics o f Students Activist Move ment (Eva Kusuma). Patterns o f Villagers’ Resistance (Kutut Suwondo), Economic and M ilitary Violence on Java and Madura in the 1990s (Ingo Wandelt) and Agribusiness and Small holders: coercion and predation in West Javanese contract-farming schemes (Ben White). The final session discussed language, discourse, and metaphors of violence on the basis of two papers titled The Use o f Sexual Meta phors in the Change form the Old Order to the New Order State (Saskia Wieringa) and Violence and Vengeance: coping w ith violence in new order Indonesia (Frans Hiisken) From the discussions it has become clear that there is an urgent need to study in detail the different forms of violence and violence con trol in past and present Java. To realize this researchers should free themselves to a certain degree from the Western perceptions, standards, and uses of violence. For a thorough study of violence, extensive infor mation on the context and back ground are indispensable. Special attention should be given to vio lence as a means of communication, as a system of political control in everyday life, as an instrument for disciplining labour, as a way of protest from subordinate and dis criminated groups, as a tool of eco nomic competition, and as a way of settling disputes where state con trol is weak. More research is also needed on violence at a more inti mate level: domestic domain, neighbourhood conflicts, and inter ethnic strife. A special meeting was devoted to the theme of next year’s workshop which will be held in Gothenburg. It was decided that the 9th work shop will be dedicated to the rele vance of Java studies for general theory. Ben White and Frans Hiisken will inform members of the network about this topic in more detail later this year. At the next workshop there will also be oppor tunity to continue the discussion on violence. ^

• HAS n e w s l e t t e r YIP6 • Autumn 1995

W NCË1 M l

one hundred participants from seven dif ferent coun tries met in Jayapura recently to discuss the state of the art in the study of lan guages and linguistics in the New Guinea area. It was the first time that a conference was jointly orga nized by the universities of Jayapu ra, Indonesia, and Port Moresby, PNG. The two main aims of the con ference were to bring together lin guists from all over the world to discuss data from languages on both sides of the border, and to dis cuss efforts to safeguard the declin ing or dying languages in the two regions. The island of New Guinea, of which the western half is a province of Indonesia and the eastern part constitutes Papua New Guinea (PNG), can boast of no less than one thousand languages, an estimated one fifth of world’s languages. Many of these languages have fewer than 5,000 speakers, some as few as 500 or less. Although the diversity among these languages is tremen dous, it has turned out to be pos sible to establish language families. While some languages exhibit fea tures that resemble those of the surrounding Austronesian languag es, most are classified as so-called Non-Austronesian, or Papuan lan guages. More than 25 papers were presented on linguistic aspects of these New Guinea languages, giv ing perspectives on language (re)classification and interrelated ness. Other presentations referred to the second aim of the conference, which was the position of the indig enous languages in both regions. It appeared that in addition to lin guistic similarities, the position in which the indigenous languages find themselves, too, may be com pared and justified close coopera tion between the two regions. In both countries many of the indigenous languages are still largely unknown and unwritten. Now, that the traditional commu nities are increasingly coming into

REPORT

contact with the outside world and the national languages are being introduced into the communities, the indigenous languages risk being replaced by these national languag es. The importance of preserving these languages was therefore one of the main issues of the conference. Keynote speaker Professor Kenneth Pike, stressed that people can con tribute more to the cultural growth and economic development of a nation if they have a sense of belonging to a community. This can only be the case if their own culture is respected and has a place in this community.

Language and identity Since language is so closely relat ed to identity, linguists have an important contribution to make. They can provide preliterate people with an alphabet, a grammar, and a written tradition, helping speakers to revalue their own language. The impact of this on a community can be tremendous: seeing their own language in writing may enhance the sense of identity and increase self-esteem within a community. As Gille Gravelle from the Summer Institute for Linguistics (SIL) in Jay apura pointed out: ‘The Meah peo ple, for example, always thought their language could not be written and, hence, was unworthy. When they learned how to write their own language, they assigned it higher prestige’. Dr Thomas Perry (Simon Fraser University) compared the situation in Irian Jaya and PNG to Canada, where the indigenous cultures and languages had long been ignored, resulting in lack of identity and self-respect on the part of the indig enous people. He related current drugs problems and crime to the neglect of indigenous cultures, warning that if no attention is paid to the languages and cultures of the people, the social cost will be enor mous. In addition to the importance of high self-esteem on the part of the population, it also appears that gov ernments can reach their commu nities more effectively through the vernacular than in the national lan guage. Reading materials on health education and family planning have a larger impact if they are written in

- 5ti'a * .

Doreh Bay, Irian Jaya, February 1995. Photo:Jelle Miedema

the local languages. It is, therefore, of great consequence that govern ments acknowledge the importance of the indigenous languages, sup porting communities to preserve their own language by allowing these languages a place in the school curriculum, and providing funding for linguistic research and literacy programmes.

Barefoot linguists In respect to literacy pro grammes, it must be noted that PNG is still very much ahead. How ever, in this light, the establish ment of a linguistics programme at the University of Cenderawasih, starting in August 1996 is a positive development. The university will provide training for thirty students each year to become linguistic fieldworkers. Professor William Foley (University of Sydney) recommend ed that, on a short term basis, the aim of the department should be to generate ‘barefoot linguists’, rather than highly trained theoretical lin guists, which can be one of the long-term goals. What is needed in these regions now, is not so much linguists who collect their data in the field and leave to write an aca demic piece, but people who can provide language communities with an alphabet and an outline of the grammar. How these aims may be effectuated was shown by a promising large number of partici pants from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia who presented papers on the description of their own lan guages. Proceedings of this conference will be published by the University of Cenderawasih, and will cost USD 30 (USD 20 on subscription). The second International Confer ence on New Guinea Languages and Linguistics will be held in Port Moresby in August 1997. ^

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ASIA

2 9 J U N E - I J ULY, I 9 9 5 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS

Keys to Southeast Asia

The First

EUROSEAS By A g e e t h v a n d e r V e e n

C onference

From 29 June to i July two hundred Southeast Asia specialists m et in Leiden for th e first conference o f the European Association for South east Asian Studies (EUROSEAS). They discussed the 140 papers pre sented in eleven interdisciplinary panels. The topics were: Literature; Religious Revival; th e Middle Class; Cycles in the Southeast Asian Economy; International Trade and Investm ent Flows; Shifting Iden tities in Southeast Asia; U rbanization and its Social Impact; State and M arket Roles; H um an-E nvironm ent Interactions; Uneven Develop m ent; and Local Transform ations and Com mon Heritage in Southeast Asian Cultures.

n p hough

EUROSEAS is still a

M. young organization, - the Asso ciation was founded in 1992- the interest for this first international scholarly meeting was enormous. Obviously, a lot of European and Southeast Asian scholars feel the need to join an international net work in order to be able to discuss their work with other European and Southeast Asian scholars, and to seek institutional backing for their international research. The purpose of this first confer ence was for the scholars to meet each other and cross borders that have so long existed with regard to discipline and nationality, be it that of the researcher or of his or her country of study. Neither Southeast Asia nor Europe can any longer be seen as a set of nations connected only geographically with each other. Cultural, political, and eco nomic links make the Southeast

' t

Asian area one that should be stud ied as an entity. As Victor King, one of the panel convenors, stated: 'The panels brought together academics who were working in similar fields in Europe, but who were unaware of each other’s research until it was presented in Leiden. Bringing schol ars together with mutual interests was the major contribution of the conference.’

A workshop in itself

the context of the discussions that unevenness within the develop ment process can be identified at both spatial and social levels. These horizontal and vertical inequalities often overlap and form a complex matrix within which certain groups find themselves doubly disadvan taged. Uneven development is becoming an even more complex process as labour demands and improvements in transport induce population movements across inter national borders as well as over increasing distances within individ ual countries. The papers in the ‘Uneven Development’ panel exam ined these trends at varying degrees of complexity over the whole region, from the advanced economy of Singapore to the relatively quiet backwaters of Laos. In the panel on ‘Religious Revival’ twenty-three papers were present ed. Though the size of the panel brought about the decision to split up in two groups, the participants reunited after two sessions, because the discussions proved to be better in the larger group. Bernhard Dahm from Passau University, who con vened the panel, was charmed by

The panel ‘State and Market Roles in the Development of Southeast Asia’, for example, convened by Jean Luc Maurer and Philippe Rdgnier, both from IUED in Geneva, was attended by economists, political scientists, sociologists, anthropolo gists and economic historians. Thus, new light has been shed on this topic which will influence the work of the participants. The panel on ‘Shifting Identities' was quite a popular one. The discus sions were so vivid that the conven or, Luc Nagtegaal from the KITLV in Leiden, stated that the panel was ‘More or less a workshop in itself. The themes were ethnicity, what lies at the bottom of it and the way several ethnic groups make them selves known as such in Southeast Asia. Anne Booth from SOAS in Lon don was also struck by the lively participation of the audience in her panel on ‘Trade and Investment Flows and the Development of Entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia between 1880 and 1990’. She regret ted that there was not more time for the discussions engendered by the papers. This was also the com plaint during the EUROSEAS Gener al Meeting: three days obviously is too short a period to meet two hun dred colleagues and compare research results without getting the feeling that one missed a lot of both of them. The panel on ‘Human-Environ ment Interactions’ was grouped into three sub-panels on respective ly: the ecological history of South east Asia, forest-related issues; and modern issues of resource use and management. Most participants could illustrate their topics with case study material. Victor King from the University of Hull, was very enthusiastic about the work of his panel’s participants: ‘The panel demonstrated how well the partici pants from different European countries can contribute to a genu inely collaborative venture. Discus sions were lively, informed, and constructive.’ To the convenors of the ‘Uneven Development’ panel, David Drakakis Smith and Chris Dixon from Liv erpool University, it became clear in

to display their books out in the sun, and become a meeting point in itself for the panels during their tea and coffee breaks. Most panel convenors are consid ering publication of the papers pre sented at the conference. The Book of Abstracts of Keys to Southeast Asia is still available at the EURO SEAS Secretariat at costprice: Dfl. 35. A list of addresses of all of the regis tered conference participants will be sent along with the next issue of the ENSEAS Newsletter to all schol ars who attended the conference. All non-members will receive this list by mail. By the end of this year, the EUROSEAS Board will meet in order to draw plans for a new EUROSEAS Conference within three or four years. Suggestions made during the first EUROSEAS Conference will of course be taken into serious consid eration, as well as proposals for pan els and topics for the next one. ‘Keys to Southeast Asia’ demonstrated that the demand for international contact and cooperation among European Southeast Asianists and their Southeast Asian counterparts is still growing. ^

A \

Sj i'X .

Corridor chat by some of the conference participants the quality of the papers presented and the actuality of the topics. The participants of the ‘Religious Revival’ panel intend to publish a book containing the material pre sented on their panel.

New contacts Thanks to financial support given by sponsors, the conference organ ization was able to invite quite a number of scholars from Russia and from Southeast Asia itself, who would not have been able to come if they had been made to pay the full amount of fees, fares, and accom modation costs. Their presence gave an extra dimension to the interna tional outlook of the conference and to the discussions. The conference was sponsored by the International Institute for Asian Studies (HAS), the University of Leiden Foundation (LUF), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthro pology (KITLV). Apart from the discussions, the meeting of colleagues and the mak ing of new contacts was certainly an important aspect of the conference. During lunches, receptions, and dinners, the atmosphere was cheer ful and friendly. The sunny weather made it possible for the publishers

For more information, contact A g e eth van der Veen EUROSEAS c/o KITLV P.O. Box 9515 Leiden,The Netherlands T el:+31- 7 1-5272295 Fax: +31-71 -5272638 E-mail: kitlv@rullet.LeidenUniv.nl

Autumn 1995 • HAS

newsletter

~N?6

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ASIA

I SEPTEMBER, 1995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS

12-18 MAY 1996 CHIANG MAI/CHIANG RAI, THAILAND

Voice in A ustronesian

The Second In tern ation al C onference on H ani/A kha C ulture

On September l, 1995, a workshop on ‘Voice in Austronesian’ was held as part o f the SLE conference at Leiden University. Speakers were R. van den Berg (SIL), M. Klamer (Free University, Amsterdam), K. Cook (Hawai’i), N. Richards (MIT), D. Gil, W. Spitz (Houston), B. Clayre, F. Wouk (Auckland), and m yself (Leiden). By Jan V o s k u il

n/ir I n P ° P lcs 11lit JL ranged from sub grouping issues via the nature of indi vidual affixes to typological similarities between Tagalog and Icelandic. Notwith standing the great differences in background of the various speak ers, there was an excellent atmos phere of friendly and serious coop eration. It was a workshop in the real sense of the word: previously unknown data were presented, old ideas were re-evaluated against new insights, and everyone learned useful, new things about the fasci

REPORT

nating enigmas of Austronesian voice. Apart from the speakers, there were not too many people in the audience - there was nobody from the Indonesian linguistics depart ment, which was a pity. On the other hand, the absence of a large crowd contributed significantly to an informal mood ideal for study and making friends. The programme was quite full, not to say exhausting, but a deli cious Austronesian dinner at the end of the long day - Padang food, a real treat - restored everyone to their senses. It is a very good thing that the organizers of the SLE con ference made this workshop pos sible: good for its participants, good for Austronesian linguistics. ^

3- 8 JUNE 1996 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS INDONESIAN-NETHER LANDS COOPERATION IN ISLAMIC STUDIES (INIS)

First In tern ation al C onference on Islam and th e 21th Century

r i p he IndoneJ. stan-Netherlands Coopera tion in Islamic Studies (INIS) has the pleas” ” ” “ ure to an nounce that from June 3-8 1996 Leiden University will host the first International Conference on Islam and the 21th Century. This conference is the first in a series of three, which focus on recent developments in the Muslim World and in the Muslim communities of Europe. The aim of the first conference is to analyse current tendencies within the framework of globalization, devel opment, and education. It is hoped that the conference will serve as a meeting place for scholars and ex perts from various disciplines and institutions, and will combine theoretical approaches with practi cal experiences. The number of par ticipants is expected to be around 100, mainly from Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Western Europe.

4 0

• h a s n e w s l e t t e r T5IS6 • Autumn 1995

The Second International Conference on Hani/Akha Culture will be held (pending additional funding) from Sunday 12 till Saturday 18 May 1996 in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, Thailand. It is a continua tion o f a Hani/Chinese initiative o f 1993 when the First International Conference on Hani Culture was held in China. T H h e South_L East Asian Mountain Peoples’ Cul ture and Development: PA PERS Research, Doc umentation and Information Pro grammes - Thailand (SEAMP), and the International Institute for Asian Studies - the Netherlands (HAS), are acting as secretariat for the Conference, with the coopera tion of Hani/Akha organizations and the Tribal Research Institute, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The objectives of the Conference are: to encourage research, includ

CALI FOR

The three general themes - Islam and the global community: new interactions between Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The last decade of the 20th century is witnessing radical changes in global relations. The regional blocs which were formed in the wake of the Second World War and the ensuing decoloni zation have either disintegrated or have ceased to function adequately. Once well established ideologies and identities have now often lost their meaning. However, new identities are arising within the context of an un precedented degree of global ex change. In Southeast Asia and the Middle East Islam plays a vital role in this process, albeit in different ways. On the one hand the two regions are in close communication, but on the other hand the Muslim identity of Southeast Asia is acquiring a more self-reliant position vis-a-vis the Is lamic centres in the Middle East. Also in Europe, with its growing number of Muslim citizens, Islam figures prominently in public debates on identity. - Islam and development: Muslim views on population, resources, and social justice. The Muslim World contains a great variety of societies and economies, varying from highly developed states with a high per capita income to less developed nations in which a large proportion of the population finds difficulty in satisfying basic needs. During the last few decades a large number of Muslim scholars and ex perts have expressed their views on the nature of development and North-South relations of dependency. Numerous programmes have been initiated by governments and organ

ing ‘action research’, on Hani/Akha culture and traditional knowledge. This includes research regarding the Hani-Akha relationships to their majority neighbours in the so-called Mae Khong River Quad rangle area including S. China, N.Thailand, N.E. Burma, N. Laos and N. Vietnam. The Conference will be conceived as a working Conference by and for Hani/Akha and related researchers. Since the Conference is now only 8 months away, the secretariat wel comes the proposal of paper topics to be presented to the Conference. Research papers on topics relating to the Hani/Akha peoples of China,

izations aimed at solving problems related to poverty, resources, and pop ulation pressure. In many instances governments and organizations coop erate with Western counterparts in bilateral, multilateral, and interna tional structures, but more distinct Islamic projects, too, have been in itiated, often by Non-Governmental Organizations. Apart from Western aid, Islamic aid is becoming a familiar feature in an increasing number of countries. - Islam and education: recent developments in the Muslim World and Europe. Education has always figured prom inently in the Islamic tradition. Mod ern education has expanded rapidly in many parts in the Muslim World dur ing recent decades, and at the same time, religious learning has displayed a remarkable vitality and adaptability. Nonetheless, the demands of modern technology and of world-wide com munication press hard on the existing facilities and pose questions about the methods and objectives of educational policies. This has engendered a lively debate on the issue of the cultural and religious identity of educational pro grammes, not only in the Muslim World, but also in Europe. Muslim communities in Europe have initiated educational programmes which serve their specific interests and needs, and giving ride to a public debate on the constitutional and social framework of religion and education. For information, please contact:

INIS, Leiden University Nonnensteeg 1-3,

Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Viet nam will be considered, with a pri ority for papers related in some way to the main themes men tioned below. Those who wish to present a paper at the Conference are asked to submit a paper abstract in English (of no more than one page) as soon as possible but not later than 15 November 1995. Please submit in duplicate to both SEAMP and HAS (addresses listed below).

Themes and topics: - Traditional Hani/Akha ecologi cal knowledge and bio-diversity conservation - Traditional Hani/Akha medical knowledge and shamanism - The traditional non-formal Hani/Akha educational system - Hani/Akha genealogical and kin ship-systems in modern times - The role of the Hani/Akha women in past and present - Hani/Akha networking, relation ships, and future cooperation Orality and literacy will be dis cussed in relation to all these themes. These themes will be introduced during the opening day of the Conference, after which the Conference will split into 5 or 6 working groups, which will work on these themes in or near Akha villages in the Chiang Rai prov ince, Thailand. The organizing committee sin cerely hopes that many of our dis tinguished colleagues throughout the world will respond to this call for papers, and that they will join us in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai in May r996

For abstracts, and further information:

Dr Leo Alting von Geusau SEAMP-Thailand 137/3 Nantharam Rd. Chiangmai 5 0 100,Thailand Fax: +66-53-274947 Tel:+66-53-276194

Dr Deborah Tooker has

P.O. Box 9515

2 3 11 VJ Leiden

2300 RA Leiden

The Netherlands

Tel:+31-71-527 2419/2416

Tel:+31- 7 1-5272227

Fax:+31-71-5272632

Fax:+ 3 1-7 1-5274162

E-mail: Projdiv@Rullet.LeidenUniv.nl.

Email: IIAS@RULLET.LeidenUniv.NL

S O U T H E A S T 2 - 6 SEPTEMBER 1996 LEI DEN, THE NETHERLANDS

Ja n M . Pluvier

The Sixth In tern ation al C onference o f EurASEAA CALI FOR

nrnhe Sixth

Interna tional Confer ence of the European Asso ciation of Southeast Asian Archaeologists (EurASEAA] will be held in Leiden from z - 6 Sep tember 1996. The International Institute for Asian Studies (ILAS) will host the con ference. Scholars are invited to attend

the conference and present papers on any topic of Southeast Asian archaeol ogy, including protohistory and early history, epigraphy and art history. ^ Information can be obtained form:

Dr Marijke Klokke research fellow HAS P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands Fax:+ 3 1- 7 1-5274162 Email: klokke@rulub.LeidenUniv.nl

28 DECEMBER 1997 - 2 JANUARY 1998 TAI PEI, TAI WAN

E igh th In tern ation al C onference on A ustronesian L in guistics (8-ICAL) The Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics will be held in Taiwan, as a result of a vote by the participants present at 7-ICAL in Leiden last year. The Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan has since then agreed to act as host. The con ference will be held from December 28 1997 to January 2 1998. f

on trib u V ^ t i o n s in the form of papers are solicited in all areas pertain ing to the pho nology, morphology, syntax, prag matics, and socio-linguistics o f Austronesian languages, especially when these are based on primary language data. The list of areas indi cated is suggestive rather than restrictive. Interested Austronesian scholars and researchers are also encouraged to organize their own panels. Suggested topics for panels are area studies (e.g. Formosan, Phi lippine, Indonesian, Malay, Micronesian, Polynesian, Melanesian), special topics (e.g. case, focus, tense/aspect, complementation), etc. Those who are interested in attending this conference are requested to fill out the registration form which can be obtained from the address below, and mail it to the

CALI FOR PAPERS

ASIA

Organizing Committee by 1 N ovem ber 1995. Panel organiz ers should also notify the Organiz ing Committee of all the panellists names and the intended topic to avoid unnecessary overlap. Papers should be w ritten and presented in English. One-page copy-ready abstracts of papers and a registration fee of NT$ 1,900 or US$ 75 should be received before 1 May 1996. T4

For further information, contact:

Professor Paul J. Li 8-ICAL, Chair Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica Taipei,Taiwan ROC Email: hspaulli@ccvax.sinica.edu.tw

H istorical Atlas o f S ou th east Asia By F.Th. D ij ke ma

More than any other type o f book, historical atlases permit a quick understanding of the movements o f peoples, the size and expansion o f states, the spread of religions, the courses of military campaigns t

__* ____lnsfnriral lm nortancc

ot particular towns, nvers, mounuuu ^ ~ ease of reference which makes historical atlases indispensable tools to the study of history.

r n he impor-

OOKS

tan ceo f historical atlases has been recog nized since the early 19th cen tury. In practice, and following the general trend o f historical scholar ship, m ost atlases were concerned mainly w ith Europe and North America, while Asia’s past was treat ed as no more than an incidental element in Western history. Today, however, a considerable greater interest in Asian history, as genuine Asian history is noticeable.

dam, is ideally placed to be the author the first historical atlas of Southeast Asia. His work, Historical Atlas o f SouthEast Asia, was published by E.J. Brill, Leiden in September this year. It rep resents the historical development of Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) from the earliest times to the present, in 64 large maps, all produced in full colour. The maps cover everything from the formation o f states and empires, migration o f peoples, trade routes, the rise and decline of coloni

alism, to political developments of the post-colonial era. The introduc tion to the atlas provides brief back grounds to each of the individual maps: the emergence, decline and downfall of states and empires; terri torial changes; border conflicts; expe ditions; wars and so forth. Wherever relevant the sections of the introduc tion are followed by dynastic lists or lists o f governors, presidents, primeministers and other dignitaries. Fur thermore, there is a select bibliogra phy arranged by geographical area, and two indexes - one o f personal names occurring in the text and one of geographical names in the maps and in the text. The history of the Southeast Asian nations deserves to be studied in detail by a great many people. This atlas will be an im portant help for those wishing to get familiar with that history. T4

( Adv e r t i s e me nt )

Historical Atlases on Asia For m ost areas of Asia separate historical atlases do now exist. For the Middle East and the other parts of the Islamic world there are three: the Atlas o f Islamic Histoiy by H.W. Hazard (Princeton 1951); the Histori cal Atlas o f the Muslim Peoples by R. Roolvink (Amsterdam 1957); and An Historical Atlas o f Islam edited by W.C. Brice (Leiden 1981). For ch ina there is An Historical Atlas o/China by Albert Herrm an (Edinburgh-Chicago-Amsterdam 1966) and for South Asia A Historical Atlas o f South Asia edited by Joseph E. Schwartzberg (Chicago 1978- Oxford 1992). The only region of Asia for which a separate historical atlas has been missing so far is Southeast Asia. Those w anting to consult historical maps o f this area had to make do with sketches in handbooks and monographs, or with occasional maps in some o f the above-men tioned atlases, wherever these hap pen to digress into Southeast Asian history. Meanwhile, South Asia has devel oped into a crucial area in the world (decolonization, Viernam, ASEAN, economic growth), and w ith inter est in its history constantly increas ing, the need for an historical atlas o f the region is more pressing than ever before.

Historical Atlas o f Southeast Asia Author of several books on South east Asian history and having been absorbed in an interest in maps and cartography for many years, Jan Plu vier, emeritus professor o f Modern Asian History, University of Amster

Historical Atlas of South-East Asia By J.M. Pluvier \

This atlas deals with the 11istoried! historical development of \tlds ot South-East Asia from the earliest times to the present. In South-Kast Asia the first section a chronological survey in succinct form of the history of the area is presented so as to provide the reader with the background information necessary to make adequate use of the second section. That part of the book can be used on its own, portraying the history of Call for more information: South-East Asia in 64 pages of maps which cover such items as +31 ( 0 ) 71-5 35 35 00 the formation of states and empires, the migration of To: E.J. Brill, Attn: B. van Alphen peoples, trade routes, cultural P.O.B. 9000,2300 pa Leiden. and economic aspects, the rise The Netherlands and decline of colonialism and I would like to order the Historical the political development of the Atlas of South-East Asia at NLG 220.post-colonial era. This unique atlas is concluded by an Name. extensive bibliography and by two indexes, one of the geographical names on the maps Address. and in the text and one of the names of the numerous persons Zipcode/City. mentioned in the text. State ______ _ 1995. (viii, 80, 8 pp. 64 col. maps) Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Indonesia, Malaysia und die Philippines, vdlume 8 ISBN 90 04 10238 8 Cloth with dustjacket

NLG 220.—/US$ 142.—

HAS Prices and data are subject to change w ithout prior notice and are exclusive of handling costs. All prices are exclusive of VAT in EC-countries. US$ prices are valid for USA and Canada only. Offices in The N etherlands USA and Germany.

E ] B RI L L Academi c Publishers

Autumn 1995

SOUTHEAST

M anuscripta Indonesica Volume 5 Mystical Illustrations from the Teachings o f Syaikh Ahmad Al-Qusyasyi. A Facsimilie edition on paper and CD-ROM o f a manuscript from Aceh (Cod.Or. 2222) in the Library o f Leiden University, with

introductions by Aad Janson, Roger Tol & Jan Just Witkam.

T H he IndoJL nesianNetherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies (INIS) in coop eration with Legatum Warnerianum in the Library of Leiden University have published this wonderful manu script in facsimile. Not only that, a

ASIA P.j. Z oetm ulder

New Publications by KITLV Pr^ss

STATE

CD-Rom has also been added to the book. The compact disc, which is being meant for reading and down loading only, has the big advantage of avoiding high costs of colour printing, while allowing full colour viewing on a suitable monitor. This is the first time a manuscript has been made available on CD-Rom and more are to follow! ^

and

trade iN

T H £ INDONESIAN W

CHIPElAG0

For more information:

INIS Nonnensteeg 1-3 231I VJ Leiden The Netherlands Tel:+31-7 1-527 2419/2416 Fax:+ 31-7 1-527 2632 E-mail: projdiv@RULLET.LeidenUniv.NL

OOKS edited by G J. SCHUTTE

MYSTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE TEACHINGS OF SYAIKH AHMAD AL-QUSYASYI

G.J. Schutte (ed.) State and Trade in the Indonesian

A facsimile edition on paper and CD-ROM o f a manuscript from Aceh (Cod. Or. 2222) in the l ibrary of leiden University

Archipelago. Working

Papers 13, viii +

199 pp. ISBN 90 6718 083 I

P ip he theme of this volume is JL state formation and mercantile evolution in Indonesia. A debate on this subject has been going on for quite some time now and the focus on this matter has changed from external challenge (mainly by West

erners) to the indigeneous response to that challenge, and to local and regional institutions. This book presents 9 case studies to illustrate the new approach for a new under standing of this matter in Java and beyond. Contributors are from Indonesia: Muhammad Gade Ismail, R.Z. Leirissa, Edi Sedyawati, an Suhartono, and from the Netherlands: F. van Baardewijk, V.J.H. Houben, L.W. Nagtegaal, J.W. Schoorl and R. Vos.

maps. ISBN 90-73782-13-9

The role of fabrics in Indonesia is a field of study in itself and is being treated by numerous scholars all over the world. In this study Danielle Geirnaert discusses the relationship between textiles and housebuilding in connection with the ideas and values of the Laboya society, West Sumba, Eastern Indo nesia. Along with motifs and colours, the meaning of different techniques, the division oflabour between men and women, and the relatioship between the textiles and their role in ordinary life and dur ing ritual, receive special attention.

Literature: Islamic and Indian mysticism in an Indonesian setting.

Translation Series 24, xvii + 381 pp. ISBN 90 6718 082 3

nr"! his translation into English by A M.C. Ricklefs of Zoetmulder’s 1938 dissertation is long awaited. Zoetmulder, who died 8 July 1995 in Indonesia, is well known for his scholarship in Old Javanese - vide his Old Javanese dictionary he pub lished with the assistance ofS.O. Robson, at KITLV in t982. However, his carreer in Javanese Studies start ed with more modern forms of Java nese, for instance his prizewinning translation of the Wedhotomo in the journal Djawa in the nineteen thirties. This book shows his unprecedented knowledge of his subject matter and is a prime source for information on this - too little studied - subject in Javanese. It focuses on the extent to which pan theistic or monistic ideas underlie suluk literature and in what form they appear. The heart of the book is an analysis of early nineteenth-cen tury Javanese suluk texts which still play a major role in Javanese thought. Doctrines of emanation, of ecstat ic union with God, and of a radical monism that posits the unity of God and all creation are rigorously analysed on the basis of the Java nese sources.

For information and order:

KITLV Press Koninklijk Institute voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands

M'nahocn

he Research School CNWS at Leiden Uni versity also publishes books on Southeast Asia. The following recent titles are of interest to the Southeast Asian scholar:

Danielle C. Geirnaert - Martin The Woven Land o f Laboya, CNWS Publications no. 11, xxxv + 449 pp, ills.,

Pantheism and Monism in Javanese Suluk

Recent Publications by Research School CNWS Freek Colombijn

Jarich G. O osten (ed.)

Patches o f Padang: the history o f an Indonesian town in the

twentieth century

Text and Tales, CNWS

Publication 22. 144 pp. ISBN 90-73782-27-9

CNWS Publications 19, xiii + 428 pp.,tils.» maps. ISBN 90-73782-23-6

and the use o f urban space,

Padang in West Sumatra, is the centre of the Minangkabau people. In 1920 it had a population of 38,000 inhabitants, in 1990 this had grown to 600,000. The modern develop ment of this city is sketched in this study, while a number of modern sociological theories about urban development are discussed and test ed against the actual situation in Padang.

4 2 . • h a s n e w s l e t t e r NS6 • Autumn 1995

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the PhD semi nars on oral traditions organized by the CNWS in Leiden. The central focus of the book is on the interpre tation and explanation of oral tradi tions in relation to their ethno graphic context. Articles on Indone sia are on Ngaju Kaharingan relig ion by Sri Tjahjani Kuhnt-Saptodewo, the Kerinci of Sumatra by Jet Bakels, and the Karo Batak by Juara Rimantha Gin ting and Beatriz van der Goes.

Literatuur en tweetaligheid, CNWS

Publications 25, 201 pp. ISBN 9073782-29-5

This volume in Dutch presents a number of contributions about phenomena encountered in bilin gual milieus. One article by J.J. Ras focuses on Javanese and describes bilingualism in the development of the Javanese written tradition from its beginning up to the present.

;»

W. B oot (ed.)

to: Dr F.E.Tjon Sie Fat, editor-in-chief CNWS Publications c/o Research School CNWS, Leiden University, RO. Box 9515,2300 RA Leiden,The Netherlands

All correspondence should be addressed

i> ,

*•'A Reimar Schefold (ed.) Minahasa Past and Present, tradition and transition in an outer island region o f

CNWS Publications 28, 128 pp. ISBN 90-73782-33-3 Indonesia,

Eight contributions on the Mina hasa area of North Sulawesi, intro duced by Reimar Schefold focus on the position of the district in the past and in the present.

EAST

ASIA

„v China • Ho n g k o n g

Japan • Korea

M a c a o • Taiwan

A uspicious O m ens and M iracles in A ncient China

the historian are reported in an alphabetically arranged list which provides the number of their occur rences from the Han to the Liu Song. The list is followed by a translation of the entries describ ing the omens.

Auspicious Omens and Miracles in Ancient China, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties explores the meaning and role of auspicious omens and miracles in ancient China. Like other peoples, the Chinese have tried consistently to provide explanations of all those phenomena that, they believed, could be interpreted as Heaven’s messages to man. The appearance of phoenixes, unicorns, white deer, red crows and precious objects like jade and gold, for example, portended good luck in those explanations. By

-f,

T iz i a n a Lippiello

he start ing point for the study has been the Treatise on Aus PROJECTS picious Omens as Tokens (Furuizhi), written by Shen Yue [441-512) towards the end of the fifth century. In this Treatise, which was included in the His to17 o f Liu Song [Songshu], Shen Yue dis cusses the auspicious omens which reportedly appeared from the mythological age of the Emperors Fu Xi, Huangdi, Shi, Zhuan Xu, Shao Hao, Yao, Shun, and Yu, up to this time. The Treatise is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, Shen Yue narrates the anomalous births of the holy emperors of China (they were all conceived after their moth ers had seen marvellous creatures or phenomena in a dream) and their ascent to power. In the second and third chapters of the Treatise, he describes ninety-four omens. From Shen Yue we learn that auspi cious omens played an important role in politics; they foretold the coming of an era of peace and pros perity, a new reign or dynasty, or appeared in response to good gov ernment. The first chapter of the study deals with the origin and develop ment of the earliest theories on auspicious omens. It analyses refer ences found in texts mostly dating back to the Han dynasty (206 BC AD 220), and discusses the meaning of the omens, the occurrence of which was engraved in memorial shrines of the second century AD, in particular the shrines ofWu Liang and his family. The second chapter is a case study of five auspicious omens engraved in stone in praise of Li Xi, Grand Administrator ofWudu Commandery (in Shaanxi) in the second century AD. In the year 171,

RESEA RC H

Buddhist m iracles The first three chapters, then, deal with the subject from the per spective of official historiography. However, auspicious omens did not necessarily carry political implica tions; on the contrary,-in principle they had a religious meaning. In Buddhist texts, for example, auspi cious omens are described as phe nomena attesting to the efficacy of Buddhism and the real existence of

luck. Undoubtedly, the interpreta tion of the miracles of the Buddha by the Chinese was similar to that of their traditional auspicious omens. Therefore, Buddhist mira cles were given political meaning too and, like traditional omens, were adopted for legitimation pur poses by the ruling house of the time. Evidence can be found both in Buddhist literature and in the dynastic histories.

Taoistsyns A few examples found in Taoist literature are considered in the fifth chapter. They include the talis mans, the twelve heavenly signs and the twenty-four earthly responses as described in the Hea venly Red Writing o f the Five Ancient Lords o f the Primal Origin, Perfect Writ ing inJade Tablet (Yuanshi wulao chishu yubian zhenwen) and the auspicious omens mentioned in the Taishang Exoteric Explanations o f the Three Heavens [Taishang Santian neijiejing). In the latter, an interest ing interpretation of history from the beginning of time until the Liu Song dynasty in provided. It says that, in the course of time, Laozi manifested himself several times to

#,?

' J

INSTITUTE OF FAR EASTERN STUDIES, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Center R u ssiaChina The Center is the main think tank in Russia devoted to studies of the whole complex of strategic issues related the roles of both China and Russia in the world today and in the future, in par ticular, in the security relation ships at the global, regional, and inter-state levels. The Center’s research agenda includes the for eign policy strategies and tactics of China, Russia, CIS membercountries and other interested states with regard to the AsiaPacific region, Central and East Asia, as well as theoretical con cepts and the practical foreign policy measures taken by inter national actors.

INSTITUTIONAL

rTN he Center

A. focuses special atten tion on the f T* 1% -3 * analysis of basic i -ftrends in the Russo-Chinese relationship within the triangles: Russia-China-the USA, Russia-ChinaIndia, and Russia-China-Japan. The / study and forecast of the conflict-rid den situations (including Tibet and Central Asia), border and territorial jt^ . 1 . t , : 't issues as well as the modelling of security systems also enter into the orbit of the Center’s activity. As far as Russo-Chinese relations are concerned, the study and forecast Russo-Chinese political, trade, and XX f V of economic relations in the changing world are supplemented by the search for new forms of such contacts * (including direct mediation). Com parative study of the positions adopt ed by Russia and China on major glo •I . bal and regional issues helps the Cen ter to define the national and state interests of both these countries and assist the emperors. The Han dynas to form ideas about the new model of ty had been blessed by Heaven not relations between the two countries. only with traditional auspicious The Center elaborates specific rec omens, sweet dew, a phoenix, a ommendations for Russian legislative three-legged crow, and a nine-tailed and executive bodies for the develop fox, but also with ‘Perfectedment of economic, political, and cul Immortals driving carriages’, ‘Saint tural ties between Russia and China; ly Assistants’ and the Lingbao Scrip reviews Russian studies in China and tures, signs of undoubted Taoist ori explores the history of ethno-cultural gin. A few centuries later, the contacts among the peoples of the founding of the Liu Song dynasty, Russian Federation, China, and Cen heir to the Han, was also blessed by tral Asia; concentrates on China’s the appearance of sweet dew, a approaches to Russian policy at home nine-tailed fox, a three-horned ox, and abroad along with Russia’s place an elephant, twenty-two pieces of in the scale of China’s foreign prior jade, and a jug ofgold found by a ities in the past, present, and future. Buddhist monk. ^ '*» Sfc. 4#-

-& .t* -h

■'

-A &

1 A an inscription entitled H ym n o f the Western Passage, fo r the Grand Admin istrator o f Wudu, Li Xi (Wudu taishou Li Xi Xixia song), was carved on a polished mountain side near Chengxian (Gansu). It said that this local governor was so virtuous that Heaven had sent him down auspi cious signs, such as a yellow drag on, auspicious grain, intertwining trees, and sweet dew. Depictions of these omens were also represented in carvings. Who was Li Xi to deserve such an honour? Why were the auspicious omens, all imperial symbols, mentioned and represent ed for this local governor? The study not only reveals the univer sality of these symbols, but also proves that their use was not a privilege of the court. The third chapter deals with Shen Yue and his Treatise on Auspi cious Omens as Tokens. After outlin ing Shen Yue’s biography, a sum mary of the first chapter of the Treatise follows. The ninety-four omens catalogued and described by

* the Buddha in the world; in other words, they are miracles. Miracles are also signs of the faith of man. The most common miracles record ed in Buddhist sources are the find ing of relics or pictures of the Bud dha, the sudden growth of lotus flowers, the appearance of the white elephant and the incorruptibility of the monks’ corpses. A number of anecdotes from Records o/Stimulus and Fulfilment of the ThreeJewelsfrom [all places throughout] the Spiritual Realm [i.e. China] (Ji Shenzhou sanbao gantonglu), written by the monk Daoxuan in AD 664, illustrate the typology and significance of these happenings in Buddhist lore. Although Buddhist miracles dif fer from the traditional auspicious omens, there are analogies between them, as pointed out by the monk Fotudeng, who explained a Bud dhist miracle, i.e., the sudden growth of lotus flowers, by an anal ogy with the dragon, the unicorn, the phoenix, and the tortoise, tradi tional imperial symbols of good

Staff Director: Professor Vladimir S. Miasnikov; Dep.-Director: Alexei

D.Voskressenski, PhD

Aida S. Ipatova. PhD

C e n te r ‘R ussia-C hina’ Institute of Far Eastern Studies Krasikova Str. 27, Moscow 117218, Russia Tel:+7-95-12 40 722/724 Fax:+7-95-31 07 056

EAST

ASIA:

China

The Studies about D unhuang in France The researches based on the m aterials discovered in Cave 17 at Mogao near D unhuang, now have a longish history ever since their disper sion at the beginning o f 20th century between London, Paris, Peking, St. Petersburg, and Kyoto, as well as to several private and public col lections. The discovery o f some 50,000 pieces o f archives, books, and m anuscript fragm ents w ritten in Chinese, Tibetan, ouigour, sogdien, and khotanais Sanskrit, as well as the discovery o f several hundreds paintings on silk or on hem p, some texts, and printed pictures im m e diately stim ulated the enthusiasm o f sinologists, both Chinese and Western, and Japanese too. N or did tibetologists, Iranian scholars, historians o f religions, and more generally historians o f Central Asia lag far behind. At first it was the m ost in trig u in g m anuscripts and the m ost strange texts or those as yet unpublished th a t attracted everyone's attention, even before people em barked on a catalogue o f the different collections. By J e a n - P i e r r e D r è g e

iNsrrrirnomi T !

he collec tions of the manu scripts and of the paintings that were brought back to London and Paris are to some extent comparable, although the British collection is more important 'in number. Aurel Stein had a Chi nese assistant to help him with the selection. Paul Pelliot was himself a sinologist, young but very brilliant. Back in Europe, it was he himself who drew up the first inventory of his finds, a task he finished in 1920. This inventory was translated into Chinese and published in 1923. Apparently, Pelliot was also thought eligible to compile the cat alogue for the London collection, but it was Lionel Giles who eventu ally started the catalogue of the manuscripts on his own, while Arthur Waley took care of the paint ing catalogue. In France, Pelliot devoted himself to the working of some manuscripts, publishing a long article about two dualistic texts in conjunction with E. Chavannes. At the same time, he was interested in the bilingual manu scripts like sqgdien-Chinese, SinoTibetan, or ouigour. But soon, Pelliot turned to other challenges.

NEW S

Work in Progress Actually, it has been since the Second World War that the researches on Dunhuang have taken a new turning. They have certainly experienced an exception al development. The great initiator of this rapid development was indubitably Paul Demiéville; from 1944 he dedicated many of his lec tures at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes and at the College de France to the analysis and the translation of Buddhist manu scripts, both religious and literary. Until the end of his life, Dunhuang remained at the centre of Demiéville’s researches. While carrying on his own stud ies, Paul Demiéville did his best to catch up with the delayed writing of a descriptive catalogue of the Chinese manuscripts as a whole. The compilation of the catalogue started in 1952, and is now almost

finished. In contrast to the other finds, it is classified by reference number which forces the collabora tors to describe and identify every single manuscript - even the most incomplete ones - as accurately as possible, without setting manu scripts aside for later identification. Divided up into 5 volumes follow ing the sequence of the reference numbers and consisting of roughly 3000 manuscripts or fragments, but also of wood engravings and paint ings on paper, the catalogue was begun by Jacques Gernet and Wu Chi-yu (vol. 1}. Later the catalogue was continued by Marie-Rose Séguy with her assistants Dzo ChingChiian and Hélène Vetch (vol. 2). From 1973 on, it was continued by a small team which grew with time, under the leadership of Michel Soymié. So far three volumes have been published (vols. 1,3 & 4], a fourth will be published at the end of this year (vol. 5), and the last vol ume will follow soon after (vol. 2). The delay in this work, which is to be regretted, is in fact not that much greater than for the other col lections. Lionel Giles, indeed, had set no less than 6000 fragments aside; they are now partially listed by Rong Xinjiang (1994) and the Buddhist fragments by Fang Guangchang, both researchers from Peking. As for the catalogue of the manuscripts in St. Petersburg, pub lished in two volumes in 1963 and 1967, more than 8000 fragments were not included and still need to be catalogued. With regard to the loose-leafed paintings, the fabrics, and the vari ous objects, which were first kept in the Musée du Louvre then moved to the Musée Guimet, Nicole VandierNicolasa has written a catalogue of the paintings. Krishna Riboud and Gabriel Vial have dealt with the fab rics, and Franchise Denes wrote the section of catalogue about the wooden objects. A new, richly illus trated and more complete catalogue has since been compiled collective ly, and published in two versions: a Japanese one, with the assistance of Japanese authors (1994-1995], and the other is composed of texts by French authors, most of them belonging to the group which drew up the Catalogue des Manuscrits (to be published in October-November 19951-

■ IIAS n e w s l e t t e r 7sC 6 • A u tu m n 1995

Collaboration Since the 1950s, the research stud ies and the editing o f the Chinese manuscripts have been in the hands of Paul Demiéville and his students. It is impossible to sum all of them up, or even to mention all of them in this article because of their mul titude. I will consider only a few of them. In a monumental work Le Concile de Lhasa of which the theme is a controversy between Chinese and Indian Buddhists, Demiéville discusses a whole aspect of the his tory of Dunhuang and of the rela tionship with the Tibetans who occupied the area for about 70 years. At the beginning of the 1950s, Demiéville revealed in the West, the importance of the manuscripts of Dunhuang for the history of Chi nese literature. He began with the translation and analysis of a fairly large number of texts of shared lit erature, most of them inspired by Buddhism. Beside several articles, two of Demiéville’s important works should be mentioned: first Airs de Touen-Houang (Dunhuang), a compilation of texts to be sung, studied by Jao Tsung-yi and trans lated by Demiéville, and then the translation of two compilations of

popular poems L'Oeuvre de Wang le Zélateur, Suivie des Infractions Domestiques de I’Ateul. Demiéville once again did his bit for the field of the Buddhist religion, although this field is mostly in the hands of the Japanese. Beside his Le Concile de Lhasa, for several years during his lectures he discussed texts of Chan, Sdtra de 1'Estrade by Huineng and the Entretiens de Shen-hui. The latter, discovered in 1926 among the man uscripts by Hu Shi, were translated into French by Jacques Gernet.

In D e m iéville’s fo otstep s Several of Demiéville’s disciples have dedicated themselves to fol lowing in his footsteps. First of all Jacques Gernet, author of a very important work about ‘the econom ic aspects of Buddhism from the 5th to the 10th century’, which he has supplemented by several articles. Then Michel Soymié whose prime interest is popular literature, and then in the practices of popular Buddhism making a connection between the Buddhist practices and those of Taoism. Wu Chi-yu in his turn, has set out and reconstructed the Taoist text of Livre de Terme O rigine 1, which used to be a very impor tant work in the 7th century. More over, he has translated and studied a large number of unpublished poems besides having an interest in diverse philological problems. Chen Tsu-long, who has written many articles, also described the life of a famous monk called Wuzhen, and collected the Eloges de Personnages

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Eminents de D unhuang. Finally, James R. Hamilton has thrown light on the importance of the ruling Cao family in Dunhuang in his study on Les Ouigours au Xe Siècle, before tak ing a direct interest in the ouijjours manuscripts. Taking responsibility for a team that has been put in charge of cata loguing manuscripts, Michel Soymié has developed a new genera tion o f‘Dunhuangologists’. During the last twenty years or so, taking advantage of Dzo Ching-chuan’s experience, this generation has written around 50 monographs and articles in the various fields. These are first and foremost in the fields of Buddhist rites (Kuo Li-ying), of devotion (Frangoise Wang-Toutain), and of the introduction of Bud dhism into China and of Buddhist catechisms (Paul Magnin), but in the fields of Buddho-Taoism (Anna Seidel), ofTaoism (Christine Mollier), of popular religion (Danielle Eliasberg, Hou Ching-lang), or in the fields of prophecy (Carole Morgan, Jean-Pierre Drège, Marc Kalinowski), of economy (Eric Trombert), of the writing and book history, both manuscripts and wood engravings (Jean-Pierre Drège, Richard Schnei der) have not been forgotten. Most of these works have been translated into Chinese and published in China.

Future endeavours At present, the research already begun will be carried on, both indi vidually and collectively, within the framework of a renewed and larger team (Centre de Recherche sur les M anuscrits, Inscriptions et Documents Iconographiques de Chine). Instead of revealing unpublished texts which are becoming scarce, the systematic study of a series of manuscripts will now be stressed, considering impor tant compilations like economic documents, prophetic documents, colophons of manuscripts, or other documents. The (almost) complete reproduction of the majority of the collections first on microfilm, then on facsimile, makes this objective a lot easier. Thus, the collective and overall study of prophetic manu scripts has just begun (M. Kalinowski) in cooperation with the Chinese University of Hong Kong, as has the study of medical manuscripts (Serge Franzini), of paintings on paper, and of illustrated manuscripts (J-P. Drège). A multi-disciplinary research on daily life in Dunhuang in the 10th century is also planned (E. Trombert, J-P. Drège). It is hard to emphasize the origi nality of the studies that have been carried out in France compared with the researches done elsewhere because of the fact that more and more researches are being carried out in a parallel way, in consulta tion with, or in cooperation with others. What is certain is that there is no question about the vitality of the researches. ^

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otrou Translated by: Gabry M. Fooien

EAS T ASI A:

Ch i n a REPORT

FERENCE

ne of the

22 -2 4 MAY, 1995

resenting developments in China or East Asia, as autonomous processes; in so doing they occupied an inter mediary position between Wong’s culturalism and Dirlik’s marxism. Chuang Ying-chang (Academia Sinica, Taipei) provided a detailed description of rotating credit associa tions in Taiwan. Those function as sources of credit in situations in which formal banking institutions cannot be relied upon for loans, as is the case in many underdeveloped countries. In Taiwan, these associa tions belong strictly to society; much of the social mechanism that orga nizes them is steeped into history, and is nowadays enveloped in insti tutions that are traditional in form, like temple cults. The detailed paper by David Faure (University of Oxford; in collabora tion with Anthony Pang, lawyer in Hong Kong, not present at the collo quium) discussed the uses of written contracts in China up to the early twentieth century: they had expand ed vastly in number after the spurt in commercialization from the six teenth century onwards, and were part of a resilient Chinese culture that prefers informal social arrange ments to the enforcement of law from above, which is the usual West ern experience. Leo Douw (Universiteit van Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) compared the Chinese and the Western experiences over a similar time span to that chosen by Faure, to elucidate their persistent differences in state-society relations and the construction of ethnic iden tities; he surmised that Chinese cul tural patterns stretch over much of East Asia nowadays and may prove to offer more of an alternative to West ern cultural patterns than that implied in more unilinear approach es. Similarly, Peter Post (KNAW/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) confirmed the power of Asian cultural patterns that persisted despite colonial domi nation. On the basis of a study of the Hokchia/Henghua business net works, which stretched from Indo nesia over much of East Asia (and

AMSTERDAM,THE NETHERLANDS corollar KNAW COLLOQUIUM ies of the pro cess of econom ic growth going on in the region is the emergence of a new discourse on ‘Chineseness’ and ‘Chinese Capitalism’, topics fashionable since the emergence of the NICs in the 1970s but grown particularly acute since the new wave of opening-up now going on in China which began in late 1991. The explanatory value of these categories for the economic successes achieved in South China and Southeast Asia has been chal lenged ever since their first incep tion, but their resilience in contem porary academic discussions had a profound impact on the colloquium. The most articulate protagonist of their use at the colloquium was By Leo D o u w and P e t e r Post Wong Siu-lun (University of Hong kong), who argued that the dynamic combination of entrepreneurial The Colloquium on South China: State, Culture and Social Change during the Twentieth Century was styles from Mainland China and Chi held in an exceptionally creative and comfortable atmosphere. We had the honour to organize it on nese overseas has resulted in China s behalf o f the Royal Netherlands Academy o f the Arts and the Sciences (KNAW), under the indispensable economic miracle. He singled out intellectual guidance by Heather Sutherland (CASA, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam). familism, pragmatism, autonomy, Its purpose was to improve the study here in the Netherlands o f internationalization processes in and personal trust as the crucial val East and Southeast Asia, especially apparent since the 1980s, with an emphasis on South China and the ues most conducive to successful role of ethnic Chinese living in Southeast Asia. To expedite their purpose the organizers invited some entrepreneurial behaviour. thirty scholars and PhD students from North America, Western Europe, Australia, and the regions In his wide-ranging paper, the more narrowly concerned, representing a wide variety of Social Science disciplines. There were twentymost articulate opponent of such cat two papers presented which were introduced by eight invited discussants. This made it possible to take egories, Arif Dirlik (Duke University, a broad look, also historically speaking, at issues arising from economic growth that affect the social Durham NC, USA) admitted that the and political constellations in the region. discourse on Chinese Capitalism The diminution of socialism in Chinese everyday life and its replacement by an unprecedented understandably reflects the new permissiveness generated by free enterprise during the 1980s has articulated questions concerning assertiveness in China, and the rest of unequal regional development and economic exploitation; it has resulted in the re-emergence of ethnic Asia, achieved by overcoming colonial issues and the revival of traditional ideologies and cultural expressions; and it has drawn the ethnic hegemony. Dirlik argues that instead Chinese overseas back into the increasingly powerful Chinese political orbit centred on Beijing. of being an explanation of economic success, this new emphasis on alleg edly Chinese values and behaviour is Mary Somers Heidhues (University Chinese Diaspora, matched by its Wellington Chan (Occidental Col a consequence of the renewed subser of Heidelberg, Germany) similarly disregarding of differences in class lege, California, USA) perhaps illus vience of the Chinese economic assured us that the resilience of the and gender interests. Michael Godtrated best the limits and possibil sphere to Western and Japanese eco ethnic articulation of West ley (Monash University, Clayton, ities of cultural explanations: his nomic interests: by their informal Kalimantan’s Chinese communities, Australia) supplemented this argu detailed comparison of the Wing On character and family-orientation Chi which still persists today, had to do ment by stating that the ‘Nanyang and Sincere Companies, both Over nese economic institutions are in his with factors internal to their position connection' conception of the seas Chinese storehouses in metro view uniquely suitable for subcon in Southeast Asia. She singled out world has of old determined politan South China, in the period tracting labour-intensive produc such points as their originally isolat Beijing’s outlook on the outside 1900-1941, suggests that only under tions from multinational corpora ed position within the Indonesian world. His study shows that at the largely equal circumstances, could tions. Raj eswary Brown (SOAS, Lon colonial polity, and their multi-facet beginning of this century the big managerial culture be considered to don) joined this argument by raising ed orientation towards Singapore. broker of the Overseas Chinese be the crucial factor in determining the question of whether Chinese interest, Beijing-appointed Com their relative success. business networks, however success missioner for Overseas Chinese ful they are in accumulating capital Asian cultural patterns persisted Affairs Zhang Bishi also fostered Chineseness and monitoring markets, could ever ideas on pan-Chinese nationalism. The new discourse on ‘Chinese engender the transition to capitaldespite colonial domination Dr Godley’s justified fears for the ness’ is narrowly related to discus intensive production. By concentrat political consequences of the sions now in full swing on a ing on the Chinese multinationals recent revival of such ideas stim u ‘Greater China’, claiming the exis Kwek and Yeo Hiap Sing, operating further) during the first half of this Between culturalism lated him to argue it would be bet tence of a coherent cultural and from Singapore, her paper empha century, he concluded that Japan’s and marxism ter to confine the uses of Chinese economic Chinese world that sized the importance of regional state emergence as Asia’s economic motor The existing social structures and ethnicity to the promotion of eco stretches over the PRC, Taiwan, power and of Japanese and USA eco from 1928 onwards and its depen political practices existing in South nomic progress, and obstruct its Hong Kong, Singapore, and the nomic interest in determining the dence on ethnic Chinese entrepren China today could be viewed as tran political (ab)uses. Chinese ethnic communities in fate of Chinese business enterprises. eurship definitively supplanted the sitory. The leading role of informal In his paper Charles Coppel (Uni always superficial economic poten linkages (like trade and business net versity of Melbourne, Australia) tial of the colonial powers in the works), the importance of the family, emphasized the historicity of ethnic Can Chinese business networks ever engender region. authoritarian rule, the ignoring of identity, and the factors internal to By focusing on the voluminous subethnicity, class and gender, and Indonesian politics that have con the transition to capital intensive productions intra-Asian rice trade, the paper by the incapacity to create a society tributed to its construction and its Takeshi Hamashita (Tokyo Univer ruled-by-law, could all be considered changes over time. His scrutiny of sity) provided another example of as ‘problems’ that had once to be the evolution of marriage and Southeast Asia and even further Other papers supported the argu how in the Asian cultural domain, overcome, or should still be over funeral rituals among Peranakan afield. The dangers of this line of ment in a more indirect manner. centring on South China, commod come, to achieve a rational, modern Chinese in Java in the period thought are clear since it inten Liao Shaolian (Xiamen University, ity chains developed which were world order. This trend of thought 1880-1930, proves that a resinificationally involves anyone who China) eulogized the economic per neither touched by Western capital could be traced in the papers that tion of those rituals occurred at a descends from the territory which formance of Township Enterprises in nor supplanted by supposedly emphasized the broad international time of growing tensions between is now the PRC’s political domain. Fujian Province (South China), superior Western business organiza context of developments in China (or Muslim and Chinese trader com One of Prof. Dirlik’s strongest crit which are often foreign-invested; but tions. East Asia, or Asia), particularly those munities, one of a number of factors icisms of the discourse on ‘Chine his paper offered no data to contra by Dirlik and Brown. A number of which put an end to the existing seness’ was its deliberate ignoring dict the impression that their pro papers, however, took what might be tendency towards cultural assimila To be continued on page 46 ^ of ethnic differences among Chi duction remains largely dependent labelled an ‘internalist’ position, reption. nese communities in the so-called upon cheap labour. The paper by

REPORT

South China:

State, C ulture and Social Change

Autumn 199s •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

TMS6 •

EAST ASIA: State, C ulture and Social C hange

Q iao xian g ties

The study of qiaoxiang (home[ town) ties, or links between ethnic Chinese abroad and their native d u r in g th e places in China, is of particular 20th C e n tu ry importance in researching how eco nomic internationalization affects socio-political structures. Ethnic Chinese capitalism Chinese communities in Southeast The process of internationaliza Asia and elsewhere have been orga tion that is currently taking place nized along qiaoxiang lines for cen in East Asia, and which once again turies, and qiaoxiang ties are part affects the balance of power and parcel of Beijing’s present-day between China (Asia) and the West, appeal to ethnic Chinese abroad. is obviously multi-faceted involv The papers by Isabel Thireau ing many actors. The power of (CNRS, Paris, Chinese University of Western and Japanese MNCs is not Hong Kong; in collaboration with absolute and is subject to change, j Mak Kong, not present at the collo as are the chances of survival of quium) and Woon Yuen-fong (Uni Chinese institutions, often based versity of Victoria, Canada) on two on centuries old practice. Historical widely divergent qiaoxiang in the study alone can determine what Pearl River Delta, plus the one by the balance might be at any con Zhuang Guotu (Xiamen University, crete juncture in time. The near China) on the big hometown Jinjitotal opening-up of China that ang in South Fujian, offered a vast supposedly sold out its inhabitants array of materials enabling a com to the vagaries of free market capi parison of the patterns of interna talism went hand in hand with tional interaction that are develop efforts to increase control by Beij ing nowadays. ing. In her paper on the stock mar Song Ping (Xiamen University, kets of Shenzhen and Shanghai, China) offered another contrast by Ellen Hertz (Université de Lau describing the transition, in the sanne, Switzerland) describes how early 15190s, towards profit-oriented Shanghai took over Shenzhen’s management of education in Jinjileading position as China’s finan ang. Dai Yifeng (Xiamen University, cial centre in 15*92, replacing the China) pictured Xiamen city in the wilder and more corrupt Southern first half of this century as a Chinese capitalist culture with a thoroughfare town linking South more stable, Beijing-oriented envi China’s trade and labour with ronment. Neither stock markets Southeast Asia without being other could be described as fully capital wise integrated in its Chinese hin ist, Hertz claims. terland. This brought the theme of Leo Suryadinata (National Uni unequal regional development to versity of Singapore) stated frankly the fore, which once again raises that Beijing still appeals emphati questions about the pretension that cally to the ethnicity of investors of one homogeneous Chinese culture Chinese descent in Southeast Asia, and economy does exist. despite the fact that they are now fully acknowledged as nationals of It seems unequivocal that this the countries in which they live; KNAW Colloquium marked an aus this, according to Prof. Suryadinata, picious start to the renewal of over is a potentially destabilizing factor seas Chinese studies in the Nether in the East Asian power balance, as lands, within the broader framework it has been since the late nineteenth of contemporary East Asian and century. China Studies. A host of new ques The paper by Arthur Wolf (Stan tions that can unfortunately not be ford University, USA; presented by treated here has already been stirred his wife Hill Gates, of the same uni up by the discussants: Cyril Lin (Uni versity, in his unfortunate absence), versity of Oxford), Ruth McVey, Sun created awareness that diverging Fusheng (University of Xiamen), social practices cannot be subsumed Thee Kian Wie (Indonesian Institute lightheartedly under one broad cul of Sciences, Jakarta), Wang Yeu-Farn tural nomer: the recent emergence (CPAS, Stockholm), Leonard Blussé, in South China o f‘New Feudalism’ Ngo Tak-wing, Frank Pieke and Kurt as a label for child-brides, expensive Radtke (all Leiden University); as by funerals, refurbished temples, and the other participants: Ray Yep (Uni rebuilt lineage halls need not neces versity of Oxford), Faye Chan, Tineke sarily signal a return to a once Jansen (both University ofAmstercoherent feudal culture, but may be dam), Li Minghuan, Sicco Visscher instead the expression of new social and Wu Xiao’An (all CASA). The posdevelopments. ' sibilities to follow up the themes Hill Gates (Stanford University, treated at the colloquium are now USA) herself presented a fascinating amply abundant in Dutch academic paper on the rise and decline of life. The University of Amsterdam footbinding in China in Late Impe and the Center for Asian Studies rial and Republican times, based on Amsterdam (CASA) have generously tantalizingly vast data, mainly sponsored the colloquium, and by obtained by interviewing. Contrary their programme of cooperation to established opinion, she argued with Xiamen University in China that the unbinding of feet during have a solid basis for research in the the twentieth century was not a area concerned. It is expected that consequence of a changed morality, the third research programme of the engendered by Chinese enlightened HAS on International Social Organ elites and Western reformers, but of ization in East and Southeast Asia: the spread of industrial capitalism; Qiaoxiang Ties during the Twentieth this made outdoor work of little Century, initiated last year, will also girls more profitable for their fami make major contributions to this lies. field of study. ^ 4

■

IIAS n e w s l e t t e r TSE6 • Autumn 1995

China REPORT

22 -24 MAY, 1995 AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS KNAW COLLOQUIUM

South China

State, C ulture and Social Change

By Y e u - F a r n W a n g

In her opening address, Prof H. A. Sutherland (Center of Asian Studies Amsterdam and Free University) suggested that various concepts in the study o f social change in China under the impact o f external influ ence, especially of the Chinese overseas, need to be debated. These concepts could include major controver sies such as boundaries between state and society, between culture and change, interactions among differ ent ethnic groups, especially between the Chinese and non-Chinese. While studying the interrelation ships between economic development, culture and social change as well as politics, we should not over emphasize the significance of ethnic networks. Institutional change is equally important and should occupy a major place in our discussions. Prof Sutherland went on to propose that we should challenge various conventional assumptions or reaffirm certain notions only after serious debate and rethinking. Misleading ideas should be disregarded and applicable theories should be conceptualized in praxis.

MiMhe conferJL ence orga nizer Dr Leo Douw then set out the major aims behind the organiza tion of the conference, which are also closely related to the back ground to the third HAS research project ‘International Social Organ ization in East and Southeast Asia: the qiaoxiang ties in the twentieth century’. The following three goals were outlined by Dr Douw: (1) How should traditional social institu tions be interpreted through theo retical concepts?; (2) How do cultu ral and social changes occur in an international environment, espe cially when these forces transcend the state?; (3) How should a new balance be developed between state and society in the international context? The perceptive views offered by Prof Sutherland and Dr Douw were highly stimulating, opening the flood-gate to consequent lively dis cussions and debates at the work shop in the days which followed. This article does not intend to sum marize all the papers presented at the conference but will concentrate on highlighting the major concepts and issues which caused the most concern or aroused the most contro versies among workshop partici pants.

Chinese C a pitalism and Cultural Factors Reconsidered Two major controversies which cropped up frequently in our debates are : (1) ‘culture’ vs. ‘institu tions’ and (2) the concept o f‘Chi nese capitalism’: On the first day of the conference, Mary Somers-Heid-

hues was the first to raise a method ological problem which we often encounter: Why could Chinese com munities in Southeast Asia preserve so much distinctive Chinese cultu ral or socio-organizational charac ter? Is it to be explained in terms of traditional legacy or by the new environment which guaranteed a high degree of autonomy to the Chinese? Or should it be explained by the development of new organ izational skills? Certainly, structu ral factors should be examined in the Southeast Asian context, but to what extent? The debates about culture vs. institutions/structures/environment reached the peak on the sec ond day of the conference. Arif Dirlik began by challenging the notion o f‘Chinese capitalism’ and ques tioned whether or not this concept can be used as a new academic para digm. Dirlik argued that the rela tionships between Chinese cultural values, Confucianism, and ‘Chinese capitalism’ have been loosely inter preted by academics and politicians alike in recent years. The concept of ‘Chinese capitalism’ has gradually

participants who either regarded the concept o f‘Chinese’ capitalism as racist (Rajeswary Brown), or rejected the notions of Confucian ism and the ‘clash of civilizations’ as non-operational terms which tend to degenerate into crude ideol ogy dished up by politicians in dif ferent parts of the world (Yeu-Farn Wang). Overemphasis on Chinese, Confucian, or East Asian models tends to suppress local differences, while fostering transnational Chi nese ethnicity. The emerging dis course on Chinese entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia as a ‘model minority’ is one vivid example of this trend. Siu-lun Wong’s approach relating entrepreneurship to Chinese values and social practices reaffirmed the relevance of cultural discourse, despite its controversy. Wong raised such questions as: Are there any specific ‘Chinese' methods of organ ization or doing business? Do cer tain cultural characteristics make Chinese entrepreneurship more innovative, and therefore more dif ferent, from other stereotypes of entrepreneurship? While emphasiz ing the relevance of cultural factors

Overem phasis on Chinese models tends to suppress local differences, while fostering transnational Chinese ethnicity been integrated into the interna tional discourse on global capital ism, which is regarded by conserva tives in the post-Cold War period as the most probable future worldsystem, and therefore discussions on ‘Chinese capitalism’ have become highly politicized. Dirlik’s opinions were then sup ported by a number of conference

in the study of entrepreneurship, Wong did not deny the importance of institutions and stressed that cultural values should be examined in institutional contexts. Ruth McVey’s comments on Wong’s approach were among the most objective views on the contro versy of culture vs. institutions. McVey first wondered whether or

EAST not ‘culture’ should occupy a core position in our academic discourse. ‘The concept of culture is too elu sive, too liquid’, she claimed, and ‘one can only look at it in a contain er.’To achieve truly meaningful discussions on culture, this concept must be looked at in different his torical, institutional, and spatial contexts.

find her own trajectory of develop ment, possibly, a different one.

Overseas Chinese Contributions to Chinas Development: Past and Present

Although various Chinese gov ernments have flirted with overseas Chinese ever since the late 19th cen tury (Leo Suryadinata) and South east Asian Chinese have contributed Economic Institutions and to China's early modernization Future Development (Michael Godley), it was not until When we shift our focus from the 1980s that Southeast Asian Chi culture to institutions, or more spe nese began to play an active role cifically, economic institutions, we again as foreign investors in China’s find ourselves facing some of the southern coast. most difficult issues in contempo Song Ping proposed two models rary Chinese studies. While Hill to explain why the Chinese overseas Gates emphasized that the family or invest in their home-towns: household was the centre of (1) moral incentives, in other words, labour/production in the tradition through the emotion of qiaoxiang al Chinese economy and Chuang bonds; and (2) economic incentives, Ying-Chang reaffirmed that the which means motivated by profit links between credit associations making. Two more explanations and folk religion are still strong and were then offered by the workshop widespread in rural Taiwan today, participants: (1) psychological pres the evolution of economic institu sure to bring social prestige or fame tions amid social change was recog to their clan members in the home nized by scholars as a major chal villages; (2) competition for fame or lenge to China’s future develop influence among the overseas Chi ment. nese themselves. One of the most thorny issues is In her fieldwork in rural Guang the status o f‘ownership’ in contem dong, Woon Yuen-fong discovered porary China. When the state has that, contrary to what is commonly been so heavily involved in the believed, the Chinese overseas do economy for more than three not always invest in their home decades, the exact relationships towns. It is not unusual for them between the state, production units, sometimes to prefer to invest in companies, individuals, and joint areas other then their ancestral ventures are still difficult to define, towns to escape being stigmatized despite of more than 15 years of eco by the image o f‘exploiters.’ This nomic reform. phenomenon made us stop and Ellen Hertz’s study of stock mar think twice about the classical kets in Shenzhen and Shanghai image of the Chinese overseas as revealed the overwhelming domi ‘contributors’ or ‘devotees’ to nance of state in contrast to individ China’s economic development. ual ownership on China’s emerging They could just as well be function stock markets. The demarcation ing as part of international capital, between state and market is still while taking advantage of their lan ambiguous. Although state capital guage ability and business connec has entered the international mar tions (guanxi) in the Chinese mar ket, its function is overshadowed by ket. ‘bureaucratic capitalism’-a new Following this line of reasoning, species of economic system created Liao Shaolian argued that capital by the reform process. flow from Southeast Asia to China David Faure employed the insti should be put into the context of tutional approach to study the international economic relations changing nature o f‘contract.’ In rather than being limited to special traditional China, Faure argued ‘Chinese’ connections between that private contracts were semiSouth China and the Chinese over institutional arrangements seas. In this conjunction, we may between individuals little bothered now turn to the issue of interna by state intervention. Their func tionalization or trans-nationaliza tions were reinforced by personal tion of capital and ethnicity. trust and m utual protection through collective action, such as Internationalization that embodied in merchant guilds. of Ethnicity, Capital, The involvement of the state in the and Life-style use of contracts only appeared in These concepts were first raised the 20th century. Development of by Leo Douw in his opening address the process has been slow, especially and contributed fuel for controver in terms of institutional-building sy throughout the conference. through legal frameworks. Douw pointed out that there is a Today, when China is in a state of current trend of development flux, the problems ofunit-trust, which we might call the ‘trans ownership-management relation nationalization’ of classes (especial ships, and the liabilities of state ly middle-class), ethnicity, and even enterprises have all emerged to labour and capital between China challenge the existing legal system and abroad through Qiaoxiarig ties. and have necessitated further insti This development indeed challeng tutional development. David Faure es the existing or traditional boun concluded that commercial institu daries between state and society. tions in business transactions have Charles Coppel suggested that we always existed throughout most of examine the interrelationships human history, and one society can between ethnicity, identity, and lead in different directions. nation. What does it mean to be Although China’s future develop Chinese today and what are the ment is unpredictable, she might

ASIA:

Chin a

tion. There is little state interven tion involved in the management and therefore, the degree of autono my of most township enterprises is fairly high. Liao’s study is an interesting example of changing state-society relations in contemporary China. Compared to the studies of David The Significance of faure and Ellen Hertz it opened a Rural Entrepreneurship in different dimension. Nowadays Contemporary China local governments and enterprises Enough has been said about con not only enjoy a much higher cepts and controversies. What about degree of autonomy vis-a-vis the the concrete development in South state than they did the pre-1979 period, but both have entered the international market and taken What does it mean to be Chinese today initiatives in the gathering of infor mation, the transfer of technology, and what are the boundaries o f this? and even the directions of capital flow. Isabel Thireau’s fieldwork study China, which is taking place at such trade between China and Southeast on social change in a Guangdong an impressive pace at the present? Asia. Both Rajeswary Brown and county offered us some fascinating In his study of the development of Takeshi Hamashita used the con findings: one way of breaking exist township enterprises in two coastal cept o f‘business/merchant ing (traditional) power relations at provinces, i.e. Guangdong and networks’, but with rather different the local level is to become an entre Fujian, during the past 15 years Liao meanings. Brown did not define her preneur. In other words, developing Shaolian discerned the development concept of network clearly, but skills from human resources is one as having resulted from several seemed to use it loosely to denote of the most effective ways of break combined factors: investment from Chinese business communities in ing power-relations in the midst of the central and local governments Southeast Asia as a whole. Takeshi current social change. She went on as well as overseas Chinese. Today, Hamashita tended to view ‘net to observe that at the communal overseas Chinese capital constitutes works’ as hovering between market level, egalitarianism is practised one-third of total capital formation and socio-economic organizations among clan members of the same in rural enterprises. Funds from (e.g. Chinese clan and guild associa lineage (a familiar matter to scholars local governments for the develop tions) which are open to external who study Southeast Asian Chinese ment of special economic zones, influences but with no fixed boun communities), but in the public especially for the construction of daries. Generally speaking, the con sphere {gongzhong shiye), democratic infrastructure are also significant. cept of network is important but participation and open discussions Local governments, however, do not hard to define and requires further about various common issues are exercise excessive bureaucratic efforts towards defining its concep often the norms. She then gave a power over these enterprises. The tualization. beautiful interpretation of'culture’: international or rather, transna Following the ‘culture vs. Culture is constructed by everyday tional characters of these enterpris institutions’ and ‘business network’ life; it is not a fixed norm or simply es have meant that both the pur controversies, Wellington Chan inherited from the past! ^4 chase of technology and raw materi commented that we should look at als are decided by the market mech the diversity among Chinese busi anism and the free flow of informa ness practices rather than focusing

boundaries of this? These profound questions urge us to engage in more serious thinking about the chang ing nature of ethnicity and nation in the present world-system and its possible future development. It will influence our conceptualization of such crucial issues as modernity, world-systems, globalization, or even the possible backlash of nationalism. The concept of network was raised in our discussions, especially in the context of intra-regional

on ‘networks’ or any specific cultu ral factors. We should try to figure out why some did succeed and some fail. Business success often depends on individual factors, rather than collective values or even institu tions.

30 APRIL - 4 MAY 1995 SHANGHAI, PR CHINA

Second International Academic Symposium:

Chinese Culture and the World From 30 April to 4 May 1995, the International Cultural Exchange Centre o f Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) was the venue o f an international conference on the broad theme o f Chinese Culture and the World. For two and a half days, the hundred or so par ticipants (including five or six non-Chinese) listened to each other s presentations and engaged in sometimes animated discussion. This was followed by one and a h alf day o f excursions to Shanghai s most famous scenic spots. The session took place in three separate groups, on language, culture, and literature respectively. The impression below will lim it itself to the literature sessions, in which I took part.

By Michel H oc kx ' ot sur prising ly, most contri butions in the field of litera ture referred to the modern period, this being a period of largescale Chinese involvement with the world beyond its borders. In line with the present ‘neo-conservative’ fashion in Chinese academia, the

REPORT

importance of foreign influence was generally downplayed and a variety of native Chinese concepts deemed similar, superior or complementary to Western ones were discussed at length. The once so popular theme o f foreign influence on Chinese lit erature surfaced only sporadically, while many papers explored the fate of translated Chinese literature in other countries. The troublesome and sensitive question of modern Chinese literature’s stature in the West was addressed by a few speak

ers, not only in the form of wellproduced papers, but also in the form of a hyper-nationalistic pamphlet by Cao Xu, who protested the fact that still no Chinese author has received the Nobel Prize. The fact itself that engage presentations like the latter proved to be perfectly acceptable within the context of an academic gathering pointed up intriguing differences between 'China' and ‘The West’, and con fronted foreign participants like myself with their own cultural prej udices about ‘academic standards’. As such, taking place in this lively and invigorating conference was first and foremost an important learning experience. The city of Shanghai, for more than a hundred years a melting pot of Chinese and foreign culture, formed the perfect background for the symposium. Moreover, the International Cultural Exchange Centre, where the participants were also housed, proved to be the perfect venue. Despite some organizational peculiarities (foreign participants were asked to pay a 'sponsor fee' of US$ 150; free copies of papers were made for Chinese participants only), I felt very much at home at the con ference. It is to be hoped that this ‘Second Symposium’ will soon be followed by a third one.

Autumn 1995 •

iias n e w s i e t t e r

TSI96 • 4 7

EAST

ASIA:

China

5-8 JULY I 995 LEIDEN,THE NETHERLANDS

Fukien and Taiwan in the 19th and zoth Centuries

C ontacts C ontrasts This workshop was the third in an ongoing series ofbiennial work shops that are organized jointly by the College o f Liberal Arts (Taipei) and the Sinological Institute (Leiden) in the framework o f the cooper ation agreement between National Taiwan University and Leiden University. The first workshop, on ‘Norms and their Propagation in China took place in Leiden in 1991; the papers at this workshop have been published under the title Norms and the State in China, Chunchieh Huang and ErikZiircher Eds., (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993). The sec ond workshop, devoted to ‘Concepts o f Time and Space in China’, took place in Taipei in 1993. The papers at this workshop are about to be published by E.J. Brill. The Sinological Institute had earlier hosted a workshop on the theme ‘Fukien and Taiwan in the 17th and 18th Centuries’, o f which the papers have been edited by E.B. Vermeer as Development and Decline of Fukien Province in the 17th and 18th Centuries, Sinica Leidensia XXII (Leiden E.J. Brill, 1990). By W i l t L. I d e m a

unng

the Ch’ing dynasty, Taiwan had been populated principally by immigrants from the southern parts of the present province ofFukien. The com mercial and cultural contacts between the two areas were also extremely intensive. Consequently, the two areas share many aspects of social organization and cultural forms (religion, ritual, popular liter ature, popular arts), characteristic of this particular part of China. While it is possible to speak of a commonly shared local variant of Chinese cul ture, it is also obvious that social organization and cultural forms have developed in divergent ways in both areas in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. This may be due partly to the disparate nature of soci ety in both areas: a more settled soci ety in Fukien in contrast to the fron tier society in Taiwan, each with its own internal dynamics. Nor should the influence of the contrasting political situation ofboth areas be underestimated. Whereas Taiwan administratively was part of Fujian ' province for most of the 19th centu ry, it was a Japanese colony for the fifty-year period 1895-1945. Since 1949, the two areas have again been politically separated. Recent years have seen rapidly increasing contacts in all fields. The same years have also witnessed the re-emergence of many traditional forms of social organiza tion and cultural forms in Fukien. On both sides of the Taiwan Straits we now have the intriguing phe nomenon of interacting and rapidly expanding economies, in combina tion with interacting thriving tradi tional and modern cultural forms. The workshop was organized as a contribution to an exploration of those elements of social organiza tion and cultural form that may be identified as characteristic elements

• IIAS

newsletter

ofboth societies and their respective cultures. Its aim was to explore the processes by which patterns of organization and cultural expres sion were transplanted from South ern Fukien to Taiwan. Another aim was to explore how in Taiwan such patterns developed in ways that diverged from the developments in Southern Fukien. Special emphasis was to be placed on analyses of the ways in which traditional social organizations and cultural forms have adapted themselves to the vari ous processes of modernization through the inventive reaction of local agents to outside stimuli and pressures. The workshop was planned in such a way that these issues would be explored from a multidisciplinary perspective as his torians, sociologists, anthropolo gists, linguists and specialists in some other disciplines were all invited to participate. By adopting this approach the workshop was intended to contribute towards a better and more complete under standing of the internal dynamics of social and cultural developments of this important area. The workshop was attended by some thirty scholars. Apart from the participants from the College of Liberal Arts and the Sinological Institute, a number of scholars from Xiamen University (with which Leiden University also has a cooper ation agreement) and individual scholars from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Japan and Germany were also present. The opening meeting of the workshop was addressed by Prof D. Kolff, Director of the Research School CNWS and by Prof. Lin Yaofu, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts ofNational Taiwan University. On the first morning the participants discussed the papers by Tsao Yung-ho ofNational Taiwan University and by Arthur Wolf of Stanford University on respectively ‘The Tea Industry and Trade ofTaiwan: late 19th to early 20th century’ and ‘Modelling Chi nese Marriage Regimes’.

TSIS6 • Autumn 1995

The afternoon of the first day was devoted to the history of Taiwan and Fukien in the period 1850-1950. The following papers were discussed: ‘The Fujian Tea Industry and Its Relation with Taiwan Tea Industry for Export in the 19th Century’ by Zhuang Guotu of Xiamen Univer sity; ‘The Republic ofTaiwan of 1895 according to a Contemporary Popu lar Ballad’ by K. Schipper of Leiden University; and ‘Taiwanese in Fujian during the Period of Japanese Occu pation (1895-1945)' by Lin Renchuan of Xiamen University. Dai Yifeng pointed out the importance of the Customs Archives as a source for many kinds of research data in his paper, presented the next morning.

Migration to Taiwan With this one exception, the majority of the papers presented on the morning of the second day of the workshop were devoted to the inter related topics of the migration from

Fukien to Taiwan and the expansion of the locally born Chinese popula tion on Taiwan. The papers that may be subsumed under this heading are ‘Immigration to Taiwan in the Early Nineteenth Century’ by John Shep herd of the University of Virginia; ‘Colonial Settlement in Northern Taiwan during the 19th Century: some salient aspects of frontier society’ by E.B. Vermeer of Leiden University; and Lin Wei-yuan’s and Governor Liu Ming-ch'uan’s ‘Moun tain Development and Aborigine Pacification - a study of official gent ry cooperation in late Ch’ing Taiwan' by Huang Fu-san of the Academia Sinica/National Taiwan University. The discussion of socio-economic developments in Minnan society both on the Mainland and overseas was continued in the afternoon of the second day. The papers discussed were ‘J.J.M. de Groot and Traditional Minnan Society - As Seen from the Chinese Congsi on Borneo’ by Yuan Pingling of Xiamen University/Leiden University and ‘Footloose in Fujian: economic correlates of footbinding’ by Hill Gates of Stan ford University. The third day of the programme was devoted to performing arts and ritual, linguistics and literature. Tseng Yong-yih (National Taiwan University) presented a wide-rang ing survey of the many varieties of traditional drama popular in Fukien and Taiwan (‘The Relationship between Fukien and Taiwan Opera'),

In stitu te o f H isto ry and Philology, A cad em ia Sinica The Linguistics Division of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica invites applications from citizens of the Republic of China for research positions leading toward tenure track posts. Currently, one tenure-track po sition is open, but non-tenure track post-doctoral positions pending budge tary approval are also available. The area of specialization is open, but preference will be given to those in the following fields: phonology (and phonetics), semantics, Chinese dialects studies, and Chinese minority languages. Applicants already holding a PhD will be considered for the position of

Assistant Research Fellow (equivalent to Assistant Professor)

Post-doctoral Research Specialist

whereas Wang Ying-fen (National Taiwan University) and Robin Ruizendaal (Leiden University) dealt with the divergent development of individual performative genres since 1949 (respectively, ‘Contacts and Contrasts Between the Nanguan Music in Taiwan and Fukien: the interaction of music and sociopoliti cal change’, and ‘Ritual Text and Per formance in the Marionette Theatre of Fukien and Taiwan'). And while Chang Yu-hung (National Taiwan University) in his ‘Two Aspects of Lexical Differences between Amoy Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien’ stressed the diverge that had devel oped between these two varieties of Hokkien since 1895, Marien van den Berg (Leiden University) stressed the comparabilities in the process of the dissemenition of Mandarin in the same two areas in his ‘Mandarin across the Straits: a language survey in Taiwan and Fukien,.’ Kenneth Dean (McGill University) and Zheng Zhenman (Xiamen University) pre sented a joint paper entitled ‘Epigraphical Materials on the History of Religion in Fujian and Taiwan’, and the session ended with Anne Sytske Keijser’s presentation ‘The Reception ofNie Hua-ling’s Fiction in Taiwan and the PRC’.

Recent developments The final day of the programme was devoted to the most recent developments and the outlook for the future. The following papers were presented: Murray Rubinstein (City University of New York) ‘Cross-the-Strait Pilgrimage/ Tour ism and the Reinvention of the Taiwan-Fujian Popular Religious Matrix’; Tak-wing Ngo (Leiden Uni versity) ‘Business Encirclement of Politics: government-business rela tions across Taiwan and Fujian’; and Huang Chun-chieh (National Taiwan University). ‘Mutual His torical Understanding: the basis for Taiwan-Mainland relations in the 21st century.’ Throughout the four days of the workshop, discussions were lively and stimulating. The debate also continued during a boat trip on the Brasemer Lake on Thursday after noon on Leonard Blussé’s boat and during the garden reception on Fri day night at the home of Prof and Mrs. Ziircher in Warmond. The for mal and informal discussions were summed up by Arthur Wolf in his concluding remarks on Saturday morning.

These are purely research positions and no teaching is required.The minimum salary is NT$796,I40 (about US$29,500)/yr for Assistant Research Fellow and NT$576,000 (about US$2l,333)/yr for Post-doctoral Research Specialist, plus bonuses. Applicants should send a vitae, transcripts from graduate school, an ab

The organizers of the workshop hope to publish (a selection of) the revised papers sometime in the near future.

stracts of the dissertation (including title, chapter by chapter summary, meth odology, materials, and main conclusions) and three letters of recommenda tion to: Dr Chiu-yu Tseng, Head, Linguistics Division, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. Taipei 115, Taiwan ROC There are two deadlines for receipt of the materials. O ctober 3 1 , 1 995 and March 31, l996.Those applying in O ctober 1995 will be notified of our pre liminary acceptance around the beginning of December 1995: those notified of this preliminary acceptance would then be expected to send complete text of the dissertation by the beginning of January 1996 for evaluation. Those ap plying in March 1996 will be notified of our preliminary decision around the beginning of May, and would then be expected to send the complete text of the dissertation by the end of May 1996 for evaluation. For more information, please write to the address above or email to: hscyt@ccvax.sinica.edu.tw

The organization of the workshop was made possible by generous grants from the School of Liberal Arts, National Taiwan University; the Faculty of Arts, Leiden Univer sity; the Office for International Cooperation, Leiden University; the Research School for Asian, African and Amerindian Studies CNWS; the International Institute for Asian Studies; the Leiden University Fund; and the Foundation for the Advancement of Cultural Contacts between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and China.

■V

EAST

ASIA: Japan

& Ko r e a

Interview w ith editor M ichael Cooper

M onum enta

Nipponi

The shift to English took place from around the mid-sixties, from about the time when Pittau took over. There was no conscious policy change. English reflected the fact that at that time Japanese studies were biggest in the U.S.

- How many articles are under considera tion right now? MC: About twenty-two

- How about book reviews, doyou have policy regarding them?

By D e r e k M a s s a r e l l a

T*? ollow ing I T 1the instructions on the door of the university buildings, an office which commands a fine view over Tokyo, I knocked, then entered, and was greeted warmly by Dr Cooper and his secretary, Ms Muro Nobuko

tau, now the Rector Magnificus of the Gregorian University in Rome. Pittau is a dynamic man, a Japonologist, who had studied in the U.S. It was he who really put the journal on the map. He revamped the design, brought in a new printer and trav elled widely in the U.S. to promote the journal. He remained as editor until 1969 when Edwars Skrzypczak took over.

- Couldyou tellus something about the founding and early history o f MN?

- When didyou become involved with MN?

M ichael Cooper: The journal was established in 1938 as a semi-annual international periodical to advance the study of things Japanese. The first editor was a German, Johannes B. Kraus, who edited six volumes from 1938-1943, even managing to prepare for the press a volume for 1944 which, alas, never saw the light o f day because of strict wartime regulations.

‘M onumenta’ was chosen to convey a sense ofgravitas while ‘Nip ponica’ was favoured over ‘Japonica’ to emphasize ‘an open m ind for mod ern ideas’ according to Kraus’s obitu ary, although R.H. van Gulik, who had a part in the deliberations, claimed that there were some reser vations about choosing ‘Nipponica’ because of the ultra-nationalist con notations. But ‘Nipponica’ it came to be, ‘for reasons of euphony', to avoid a repetition o f the ‘a’ sound, at least according to van Gulik.

- What is the print-run?

- Where do they go?

- When didyou become editor? With Volume 27, in 1972

- How longhadyou been injapan by then? MC: Well, I first came in 1954 and did two years language study near Kamakura, a place I immediately fell in love with, then two years of teach ing and other jobs before returning to Europe in 1959 where I studied theology and then started work on my D.Phil thesis on Rodrigues. It was supervised by Charles Boxer and I completed it in 1969 and then returned to Japan.

- Whenyou became editor, didyou make any changes to MN?

MC: Yes. Volume 7 did not appear until 1951, edited by Wilhelm Schiffer (Kraus had died in 1946), a Chinese scholar who had been thrown out of China after the revolution. Schiffer held the job until 1965 when he was succeeded by an Italian, Joseph Pit-

- Canyougive us an idea o f how Japanese Studies have changed over the last quarter century? MC: The field has become much more professional and there are more younger people writing nowadays. The earlier issues had more European Contributors but the reality is that focus ofjapanese studies has shifted to the U.S. although MN continues to positively welcome contributions from European scholars.

- It is very noticeable that MN encouragesyounger scholars, is this a policy o f MN? MC: Well, ifl can help I do, after all [Sir George] Sanson and [C.R.] Boxer were once young, and so was I.

- What about back issues? MC:

- What about the/uture, there are some reports that Professor Deluge is in line to take over as editor. Ary comment? MC: After me?... We’ll wait and see. ^

- A lot o/people will be surprised to/md out that there are only two people work ing on MN, couldyou tell us something about the division o f labour?

( Advert i sement )

MC: Ms Muro attends to subscrip-, tions and budget details and reads the proofs. In addition, she packs and sends out the journal.

- Andyou do the rest, the correspondence, editing and the preparation o f articles and reviewsfo r the press? MC:

Lijo-Silrok 400 vols Chosön Yujök Yumul Togwan 20 vols P’alman Taejanggyöng 15 vols Geological / Tectonic Map of Korea & Explanatory Texts with hard-cylinder

Yes.

- Does the university subsidize MN? Yes. From Volume 27 MN appeared four times a year instead of two. Not only did this make proof reading less onerous but it meant that we could bring pout reviews more quickly. MC:

- There was a hiatus after 1943?

MC: That’s right. Some have become standard in their subject, but, alas, there is a limit to what we can do at the moment.

MC: Helping young scholars to get their work published which helps them get started on their carreers, it is also a source of satisfaction that people are willing to send their work to japan and indeed that MN contin ues to serve as a useful outlet for the study of things japanese.

1,200 of which about 100 are left. MC:

It is no longer possible to buy a complete set but MN is available on microfilm and will eventually go onto CD.

MC:

- Some distinguished volumes have appeared in the series, it seems a pity not to carry on the tradition.

- Looking back, is there anythingyou especially take pride in?

MC: The bulk to the U.S., then japan and Europe.

- How about the title? MC:

MC: University presses send their books automatically and during the AAS meeting in the spring I like to try and fix up reviewers and get the pub lishers to send the book directly to the reviewer to save time. There are around fifteen reviews per issue. I like to try and get at least two new reviewers, especially younger schol ars, per issue so as not to have to rely on a small number ofreviewers.

around that time. I was writing up my thesis for publication but I also worked on the MN mono graph series and on the journal itself

MC: From

- What about the monograph series, the last one came out in 1986, has it been suspended? MC: Not at all. It is still alive but there is too much work on MN itself to leave time over for the mono graphs at present.

- Couldyou give us an idea o f how an article is chosenfor publication? MC: Authors subm it an article which I look through and ifl judge it appropriate for MN I send it to two or three referees for a report. I like to be able to give authors a reply one way or the other within two to three months. Once an article has been accepted, it takes about six to nine months to appear in MN. We publish about sixteen articles a year, which works out at about one in four or five of those submitted.

This year sees th e co m p letio n o f the fiftie th volum e o f Monumenta Nipponica, p u b lish e d by Sophia U niversity in Tokyo, a jo u rn a l o f im m ense prestig e in Japanese studies, an d for m any synonym ous w ith its c u rre n t editor, D r M ichael Cooper.

although it would be possible to find some, I suppose.

- When MN/trst appeared it was a multi-languagejoumal, why did it become an English language one?

Yes, but it exercizes nb editori al control, and besides MN is not a money-making enterprise. MC:

- What about sponsors?

For the cheapest and best service, please contact: Specialist in North Korean Collections RAINBOW TRADING CO. Attn of: Miyagawa Sarugaku-cho 2-4-2 Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan Tel/Fax: +81-3-3292 8273

MC: The Japan Foundation buys a number of copies and pays for their postage but apart from that nothing;

Aut umn 1995 •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

"NS6 • 4 9

ASIA: J a p a n

EAST

& Korea

The Bay o f Nagasaki seen fro m the site o f the British Consulate.

D eshim a is on the right, ju s t behind the D a w n Tem ple. Photograph taken by Abel J. Gower, British Consul, dated on the backjune 1859. Albumen print.

£j

;

(Photnr. SMAI-33).

‘In this letter, you will receive my portrait. Do not be shocked, you will probably not believe I have become such an old man, yet it is so; Pompe took i t ...’ This letter was written from Deshima in Nagasaki on 31 March 1861. The author, Albert Bauduin, was Agent o f the Dutch Trading Company (Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij) and the photographer was Dr J.L.C. Pompe van Meerdervoort, sent to Japan by the Dutch government to instruct the Japanese in medical science and to establish a hospital at Nagasaki. Pompe experimented with photography, collaborating with some pupils he had taken over from his predecessor, Dr J.K. van den Broek. Van den Broek was the first to introduce photography in Japan during the years he practised there (1853-1857). Under his tuition, a Japanese doctor, Keisai, was learning to take photographs using the daguerreotype process invented in 1839. Among Pompe’s students was the first professional photographer in Japan, Ueno Hikoma. He opened a photographic stu dio in Nagasaki in 1862. Another o f Pompe’s students, Uchida Kyuichi, became famous as the first photographer ever to photograph the Emperor and Empress.

^ r-r "W IN *

I-

ü é ®?1

From the collection o f the

H isto ric P hotographs By H e r m a n J. M o e s h a r t

SÈÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ

•-* » ■ * ■ *

imrnmoiLi iofphotog.

‘A lla n t fem e une tour de promenade... ’ The D utch Consul General Dirk de G raeff van Polsbroek [left], his chancellor P.J.Metman (centre] and a serjeant-at-arms o f the Dutch Navy with their Japanese escort a t Edo. Photograph by Felix Beato, ca. 1865. Albumen print (Phot.nr. B2-27).

5 0

■ h a s n e w s l e t t e r N ?6 • A u t u mn 1995

IT 1 he history A c raphy in Japan being so inti mately linked NEWS to the history of photography in The Netherlands, it was only natural that the history of the pioneering years of Japanese photography should be researched in the Printroom of Leiden University. The Printroom originally was reserved for collections of drawings and prints, but in 1953 the director, Pro fessor H. Van de Waal, decided to add a collection of photographs and photographica. This collection was the basis on which the Study and Docu mentation Centre for Photography was built in the following years. It now owns a collection of c. 100,000 items. The aim of the Study Centre is to train students in the history of photography and the collection is used intensively for this purpose. The research emphasis is on Dutch photography. Documentation is col lected to support this research and is also used to publish the History of Dutch Photography in instalments. Each instalment contains a number of monographs on Dutch photogra phers. In this series, that started in 1984, so far more than a hundred monographs have been published. Besides courses in the history of pho tography for students of art history, once or twice a year a course for learning how to determine old pho tographic techniques is given to stu-

dents of the University and people like archivists and curators who work with old photographs in the exercise of their profession. Though the number of photo graphs ofjapan in the collection of the Printroom is relatively small, it contains some interesting items like the photographic album of W.A. Kok, midshipman on the ‘Amsterdam’, a Dutch man-of-war that took part in the punitive expedition against Shimonoseki in 1864. In it are many photographs by Ueno Hikoma, who the accompanying text declares was a friend of Kok. The study of the early years of Japanese photography and the request to organize an exhibition of photographs from Japan taken in the years of Bakumatsu and early Meiji (1857-1875) to celebrate the 10 year jubilee of the Japan-Netherlands Institute in Tokyo in 1986 prompted the collection of material available in The Netherlands. The book Yomigaeru Bakumatsu contain ing c. 200 photographs selected from the available material was published to accompany the exhibition in Japan in 1986, which was sponsored byAsahi Shimbun.

The Bauduin brothers More than a thousand photo graphs were brought together from the collections of the Maritime Museum (Nederlands Historisch Scheepvaartmuseum) in Amster dam, the Royal Archives (Koninklijk Huisarchief) in The Hague and from private collections. The largest among the latter is the collection of photographs of the Bauduin broth-

X-

T n n n n

A C H

P A C T

& Ko r e a the Japanese embassy which visited the Netherlands in 1862. They were presented to King Willem III by the embassy. Among them are portraits of Japanese like Fukuzawa Yukichi, at that time interpreter, and Matsuki Koan, who became better known as Terashima Munemori, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan. The col lection of photographs also contains the portraits of Dutch officials who were members of the committee which welcomed the embassy: J.H. Donker Curtius, who negotiated the first treaty between Japan and a Western nation in 1856 (Commodore M.B. Perry only concluded a conven tion in 1853) and the first professor of Japanese at Leiden University, J.J. Hoffmann.

'i ' . t i w

. -•v

'*iT ■

Digitalization

S 3 k

The harbour o f Nagasaki seen from Aka no Ura. Photograph

by Dr A.F. Bauduin, c. 18A5. Albumen print

Some years ago the computer made its entry into the Study and Documentation Centre for Photog raphy and since that time the data of the photographs in the collec

tion have been entered into a data base. That work is now approach ing completion and the next step in the process of digitalization is about to be taken: the digitaliza tion of the photographs them selves. This year, in cooperation with the Inter Documentation Company in Leiden, a project has been started to make c. 1000 photographs from Japan available on a CD-ROM. In the data accompanying the photo graphs, the latest results of our research will be presented. The beauty of Japan is shown in the fine landscape and city views, the charm of the Japanese women and girls is revealed in their portraits. The vio lence of the time is also not ignored: attacks on Europeans and the sub sequent decapitation of the murder ers. Tough Samurai, Japanese states men and Western representatives were fraternally united on this modern medium. ^

Frintroom of Leiden University

fr o m J a p a n o n CD-ROM ers. Albert Bauduin, already men tioned, was joined in 1862 by his brother Antoon who came to Japan to replace Dr Pompe van Meerdervoort. Dr A.F. Bauduin was an ama teur photographer who documented his 8-year stay in Japan, until 1870, by photographing the people he met, parties he attended, and the surroundings ofNagasaki. A small album, probably presented to Albert Bauduin when he left Japan in 1880 contains 350 photographs among which are c. 120 photographs of Jap anese performing their function in the government of that time and 230 views taken in Tokyo and the rest of the country. The photographs from the Mari time Museum in Amsterdam belonged to the Dutch Minister Res ident in Japan, Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek. As he resided in Edo and Yokohama, the bulk of his collection contains photographs taken in that area. In an album put together by the British photographer Felix Beato, who worked in Japan from 1863 till 1877, there are views ofNag asaki, Edo and Yokohama and pho tographs showing life in Japan taken in the streets or in scenes enacted in the studio. Another of his albums was put together using photographs from several sources and showing events in Yokohama and Edo during his 14 years in Japan. These include photo’s of bodies of Henry Heusken, killed in 1861, and C.L. Richardson, killed in 1863, as well as portraits of his colleagues in the diplomatic ser vice. The photographs from the Royal Archives show the members of

-.-t

P ren ten k ab in et der

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The collection contains approximately 1,100 photos and will be published on one disc. It will be possible to order positive copies o f the photos. The scheduled publication date is I January 1996. The price o f the disc will be Dfl. 1,950. If your order is received before I January 1996 a 10% discount will be given, and you will pay only Dfl. 1,755. Payment with credit card is possible.

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The

foreigners’ quarter at Oura in Nagasaki. Photograph attributed to Felix Beato, 1864. Albumen print. J

(Photnr. BD.2) I).

For additional information or your order please contact

IDC P ublishers bv RO. Box I 1205 2301 EE Leiden The Netherlands T el:+31-7 1- 5 142700 Fax: +31-71-5131721 Email: lnfo@idc.nl See advertisement on page 53.

Autumn 1995 •

has n ew sletter

Ts[?6 • 5 1

EAST VENICE, ITALY

The In stitu te o f Japanese Studies in Venice The Institute o f Japanese Studies was founded in 1965 and since 1992 (as the Sezione Nipponistica) has been part o f the D epartm ent o f Indian and East Asian Studies in the Sub-faculty o f O riental Studies (Corso di Laurea in Lingue e Letterature Oriëntale) o f the University o f Venice. By A d r i a n a B o s c a r o

INSTITUTIONAL

th e Uni-

A. versity

dates back to August IJML|JJ 1868, when the l> ^ l Scuola Super i o r di Commercio, the first institution in Italy to deal with higher education in the fields of commerce and eco nomics, was founded. Since that time it has been housed in Ca’Foscari, a majestic building on the Grand Canal, once the home of the Foscari family. Indeed it is bet-

ASIA: J a p a n

& Ko r e a

the Istituto Universitario Oriëntale ofNaples (Dottorato di ricerca: Civilta dell’Asia Estremo-Orientale). A very restricted number of students are admitted each year, after passing written and oral examinations. After three years the candidate must submit a thesis to the members of a commission nominated by the Ministry of Edu cation. The Institute organizes meet ings, round-table discussions, sem inars, and lectures to which the most renowned names in the field are invited. At least two conferences must be mentioned: in 1987, 250 scholars assembled to participate in the International Symposium 'Rethinking Japan’ and the confer ence papers later appeared jn two volumes under the same title (Vol. I, Literature, Visual Arts & Linguis tics; Vol. II, Social Sciences, Ideology & Thought; Sandgate, Japan Library, 1990-91). In 1995, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the Institute, an International Symposium on Tanizaki Jun’ichirö (also to commem orate the 30th anniversary of the writer’s death) was held on April 58 in the magnificent Aula Magna of the University, in which a large number of Tanizaki specialists par ticipated. ‘The Hokusai Centre for Japanese Arts’, directed by Professor Gian Carlo Calza, has already held two gatherings in Venice. The First Ven ice Conference onjapanese Art: Hoku

Institute: Ca’Cappello, on the Grand Canal

I Mill

Staff Japanese Language and Literature:

A. Boscaro and P. Cagnoni History o f East Asia:

F. Gatti Religion and Philosophy o f East Asia:

M. Raveri History o f East Asian Art:

C, Calza

Japanese Philology:

A.Tollini T h e I n s t i t u t e o f J a p a n e s e S tu d ie s in Venice

Dept, of Indian and east Asian Studies University ofVenice Ca’ Capello San Polo 2035 30125 Venice Italy Tel:+39-41-528 5801 / 7220 / 7687 Fax:+39-41-524 2397

5 2. • IIAS

newsletter

ter known throughout the world as ‘Universita Ca’Foscari’ than as the University ofVenice. The campus has now been enlarged to include several different buildings, some of which are of considerable historical interest, in various parts of the city. Today the University is made up of four Faculties (Economics, Foreign Languages and Literature, Letters and Philosophy, and Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences) offering eleven degree courses. The students number around 20,000. The Institute prepares students for a degree (laurea) in Japanese Studies. In 1995 it had 697 students. It is also a centre for postgraduate research, accomodating various research projects which are orga nized in collaboration with other universities in Italy and Japan, and with the Italian National Research Council (CNR). The Department has its own pro gramme for awarding a postgradu ate degree in Indian and East Asian Studies (Dottorato di ricerca: Civilta dellTndia e dell’Asia Oriën tale), and shares another one with

NS6 • Autumn 1995

sai P aintings was held in May 1990, and The Second Venice Conference on Japanese Art: Hokusai and His Age followed in May 1994. The proceed ings of the first conference have already been published (Hokusai Paintings. Selected Essays. G.C. Calza ed., Venice 1994), while those of the second are currently being edited. The Third Venice Conference o n ja p a nese Art: In Search o f Elegance. T ra d i

tional Aesthetics in 20th Century Ja p a nese A rt will be held on May 21-24, 1996.

Library and Degrees The Library of the Institute has some 10,000 volumes, o f which more than half are in Japanese. It sub scribes to sixty academic journals, in Japanese and European languages. The collection’s strengths are in the areas of classical and modem litera ture, language and linguistics, ancient history, modern and contem porary history and politics, social sci-

ences, religion and philosophy, anthropology, theatre, art and archaeology. There is also a room for audio-visual documentation of Japan, which holds a good number of video tapes (VHS and U-matic format) on a variety of subjects: from religious rit uals to art performances, from imag es ofrecent-historical events to lan guage in daily life, etc. The Institute also has some video films by wellknown Japanese directors, numerous slides on various themes and a wide range of tapes and records of Japanese music. The degree (laurea) course in Japa nese Studies takes four years. The students must pass a total of sixteen oral and four written exams. Courses in Japanese language and Japanese literature are compulsory in each year. Other courses are History of East Asia, Religion and Philosophy of East Asia, History of East Asian Art and Japanese Philology. The students also have access to a large number of optional courses, such as History of the Intercultural relations between East and West, Chinese Language and Literature, Comparative Litera ture, History of Cinema, History of Theatre, History of Indian Art, Aes thetics, Sociology and so forth, as well as the whole range of courses offered by the Faculty of Economics. The final thesis is defended in front of a commission of eleven peo

ple who each have ten marks to allot, so that the maximum score is 110/110. For a very good thesis, the commission can confer a degree ‘summa cum laude’. Since the found ing of the Institute in 1965,229 the ses in Japanese Studies have been successfully defended.

Japanese presence in Venice To return to the history of the Institute: when it started it was a pioneer undertaking. The number of students enrolled in the first year averaged ten to fifteen as against

The Main Hall [Aula Magna] of the University o f Venice

the 120-130 of recent years, and the library had to start from scratch. The results achieved over the past thirty years have established the Institute as a major presence in the panorama of Japanese Studies in Italy. Japanese Studies in Venice has an interesting, if singular antecedent. Around 1870, experts were very interested in Japanese silkworm raising and trade. So in Venice it was decided to open free courses in Japanese language to supplement the compulsory commercial sub jects. Between 1873 and 1888, five teachers provided such courses: Yoshida Yosaku (1873-76, interpret er at the Italian Legation in Tokyo), Ogata Korenao (1876-77, son of the famous Meiji doctor, Ogata Köan), Kawamura Kijö (1878-81), Naganuma Moriyoshi (1881-87), and Ito Heizö (1887-88). Then the courses were interrupted, and to be resumed for a while in 1908-09 with the artist Terasaki Takeo as instruc tor. This Japanese presence in Ven ice resulted in the beginnings of an interest in Japanese language, and as early as 1890, a former student of the courses, Giulio Gattinoni, wrote and published ajapanese Grammar o f the Spoken Language which was fol lowed in 1908 by a Complete Course in thejapanese Language. ^

The main building o f the University of Venice: Ca’Foscari, on the Grand Canal

E A S T A S I A : J a p a n t> Ko r e a commencing research on the place of Japanese New religions in Aus tralia. Besides these individual research projects, we are working together to compile an annotated bibliography on Japanese NRMs, a task co-ordinated and organized by myself. The year 1995 has been a busy and productive year for the Project, and one in which Japanese NRMs have been very much in de media spotlight following the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo underground by one of these NRMs, Aum Shinrikyo. Coincidentally with the burst of media interest, an interna The Japanese New Religion Project at King’s College, London was tional conference on Japanese New established in May 1994. with the aim of studying Japanese New Religions in the West was hosted Religious Movements (NRMs), outside Japan. Initially, the project by the project here at King’s Col concentrated on Japanese NRMs in Western Europe and Latin Amerilege on the 6th of May, at which , but we are now expanding our field to research to cover Australia, the project members presented Hawai’i, and Taiwan. papers on the research which they are currently conducting. Papers inculturation; Sanda Ducaru, By S o n i a B e a t o n were also contributed on Japanese whose research concerns gender; New Religions in Latin America by Louella Matsunaga, who is i T l h e project researching parallels between Japa Professor Maeyama ofTsukuba J . team is University, Japan; by Professor nese companies and Japanese headed by Pro Queiroz of the University ofSao NRMs; and Jeffrey Somers, who is fessor Peter B. Paolo; and by Mr Yumi Fujikura of focusing on Japanese NRMs in Clarke, of the PL Kyodan in Brazil. Great Britain. Veronica Reldan of PROJECTS Theology and Among the topics raised for dis the University of Rome is conduct Religious cussion was the extent to which ing research on Japanese new relig Studies department at King’s Col Japanese NRMs in the West may be ions in Italy with a focus on Soka lege, who has already published seen as practising a form of cultu Gakkai; Professor Ari Pedro Oro is extensively on New Religious ral imperialism (Catherine Cor investigating Sekai Kyusei Kyo in Movements. Professor Clarke is nille). This in turn raised the ques Brazil; and also in Brazil, Yumi now engaged in research on Japa tion of nationalism in these relig Fujikura is looking at the role of nese NRMs in Brazil. Other mem ious movements, a phenomenon beliefs concerning the ancestors in bers of the project currently which is, it was pointed out, not the Japanese NRMs. A team headed include Catherine Cornille of the unique to the Japanese NRMs. The by Professor Gary Bouma of Catholic University of Leuven, issue of interculturation was also Monash University, Victoria, is whose work focuses On the issue of

K IN G ’ S COLLEGE, L O N D O N

The Japanese New R eligion Project

RESEARCH

raised in this context, a point returned to by Professor Quieroz in his paper, and Mr Fujikura argued that in Latin America the spread of PL Kyodan has been facilitated by the increasing indigenization of this movement, while the more obviously Japanese aspects of the movement continue to present a barrier to non-Japanese members. However, Mr Jeffrey Somers, in his paper on Japanese NRMs in Great Britain, told us that he had found that the Japaneseness of these movements presented no particu lar problems from the British members’ point of view. The issue of gender was raised by Sandra Ducaru in her paper, which prompted a useful discussion on the methodological difficulties inherent in conducting research on the role of women in the NRMs. Louella Matsunaga’s paper explored parallels between Japa nese NRMs and large Japanese companies, and engendered some lively debate on the feasibility and desirability of investigating the financial affairs of the new relig ions, an area predicted to attract some interest in the wake of reve lations about the Aum Shinrikyo organization. Media representa tions of the new religions were the focus of a paper presented by Nina Hakkarainen, on the image of new religisns in Japanese society. The tendency for the media to present the new religions in a negative light was noted here - even exclud ing the recent Tokyo gas attacks

the very term ‘new religion' has negative connotations in Japanese, much as ‘cult’ does in English. One important point that was made here was that the diversity among these movements is not generally recognized, and also that there is a lack of neutral information on NRMs. In the coming year, new research by the Project will examine Japa nese NRMs in Hawai’i and in Tai wan, while a new phase of our Brit ish research will asses the impor tance of notions of healing in attracting adherents to Japanese NRMs in Britain. Some of the cur rent research of the Project is now nearing completion, and we hope to publish some of this material in the near future. ^

J a p a n e s e N e w Religions P r o j e c t C entre for New Religions, Dept, of Theology and Religious Studies King’s College, University of London Strand London W C2R 2LS Tel: +44-171-8365454 Email: p.b.clarke@uk.ac.kcl.cc.bay

(Advert i sement )

The U n iv e r sity o f C aliforn ia - Irvine The department of East Asian Languages and Literatures at the University of California at Irvine announces a tenure-track ap pointment beginning in the 1996-97 academic year at the level of

Memories of Japan, 1859-1875 Japanese Photographs in Dutch Collections

Assistant Professor in Cultural Studies whose research focuses on Korea Candidates with interdisciplinary interests in such areas as litera ture, intellectual history, film studies, cultural anthropology, theater arts, and art history are strongly urged to apply. As a pri mary member of our Cultural Studies track in East Asian studies, the appointee should be prepared to teach graduate and under graduate courses in critical theories (e.g., gender theories, Marx ism, postcoloniality, psychoanalysis) according to her/his own training. The ideal candidate should have demonstrated commit ment to research and teaching. Interested applicants should send a letter of application with statement of research and teaching interests, current vita, and three letters of reference to Chungmoo Choi, Search Committee Chair, Department of East Asian Lan guages and Literatures, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717,

Editors: H.J. Moeshart and I.Th. Leijerzapf, Prentenkabinet, University of Leiden

IDC Publishers is pleased to announce a CD-ROM containing approximately 1100 rare photographs taken or collected by Dutch people who lived in Japan during the first decennia of the existence of photography. The photographs give an accurate impression of the changing Japan between the years 1859-1875. The collection contains many landscapes, city-views, portraits and happenings (i.e. executions). On the CD-ROM each photograph is described in detail giving (if known) title, description, place, date, photographer, collection, size, material of the original, subject, keywords and remarks. The resolution of the photographs is 100 dpi. In December 1995 a limited edition of this CD-ROM will become available.

Fax, write or e-mail to IDC Publishers for more information. Dr. A.F. Bauduin, Japanese people in the studio of Dr. Bauduin on Deshima, c. 1865. Albumen print.

USA. Review of applications will begin on December 15,1995. University of California is an affirmative action / equal opportu nity employer committed to excellence through diversity.

Anonymous, Port o f Nagasaki, c. 1870. Albumen print.

IDC

Publishers

P.O. Box 11205, 2301 EE Leiden, The Netherlands Fax:+31-71-531 17 21

Aut umn 1995 •

E-mail: into@idc.nl

iias n e w s l e t t e r

N 26 •

THE E U R O P E A N

SCIENCE

FOUNDATION

Th e E u r o p e a n S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n is an a s s o c i a t i o n o f 56 m e m b e r s r e s e a r c h c ounci l s , a c a d e m i e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s d e v o t e d to basi c s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h in 20 c o u n t r i e s .

C o mmi t t e e E U R O P E A N

The ESF assist s its M e m b e r O r g a n i z a t i o n s in t w o m a i n ways: by bri ngi ng s c i e n t i s t s

t o g e t h e r in its S c i e n t i f i c P r o g r a m me s , N e t

Th e s c i e n t i f i c w o r k s p o n s o r e d by ESF i n c l u d e s basi c r e s e a r c h in t h e n a t u r a l and technic al sciences, the medical and biosciences, the hum ani tie s a n d soc i al s c i e n c e s . Th e ESF m a i n t a i n s cl ose r e l a t i o n s wi t h o t h e r scientific institutions within and outside E u r o p e . By its a c t i v i t i e s , ESF ad d s v al ue by c o o p e r a t i o n a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n across nat ional frontiers and endeavours, offers e x p e r t s c i e n t i f i c a d v i c e on s t r a t e g i c i s s u e s f and provides th e European forum for f u n d a m e n t a l science.

asks

F O U N D A T I O N

c o p e

T T he Asia Committee of the JL European Science Foundation was established in 1994 for an initial period of three years.

- promoting collaboration with scholars and institutions in the USA, Australia and, in particular, Asia.

The aim of the Committee is to: - strengthen and co-ordinate Euro pean research on Asia - develop closer links between aca demia and political decision-mak ing and provide academic and stra tegic information for the develop ment of a new European Asia poli cy - initiate and support new, bordertranscending research with an emphasis on interdisciplinary co operation.

The disciplinary and geographical scope of the Asia Committee covers the study (ancient and modern, humanities and social sciences) of the languages, cultures, societies and economies of South, Central, Southeast and East Asia.

works and European Research Conferences, t o w o r k on t o p i c s o f c o m m o n c o n c e r n ; a n d t h r o u g h t h e j o i n t study o f i ssues o f s t r a t e g i c i m p o r t a n c e in E u r o p e a n s c i e n c e pol i cy.

C I E N C E

The Committee seeks to achieve these ends through: - creating and administrating a European post-doctoral fellow ship scheme - organizing and funding interna tional workshops on well-focused themes - strengthening the infrastructures of the professional, regional asso ciations by setting up a directory/database

The Committee is at present composed of scholars from France, The Netherlands, Scandinavian countries, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, Australia, and Italy.

Secretariat o f the ESF Asia Committee:

I n te rn a tio n a l In s titu te

Chairman:

fo r A sian S tu d ie s

Professor Thommy Svensson Nordic Institute for Asian Studies, Copenhagen

P.O.Box 9515

Vice-Chairm an:

2300 RA Leiden

Professor Denys Lombard École Frangaise d’Extrême Orient, Paris

The Netherlands

Secretary:

Tel:+31-71-5272227

Professor Wim Stokhof International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden.

Fax: +31-71-5272632

The proposal

Co mmi t t e e E U R O P E A N

S C I E N C E

F O U N D A T I O N

Wo r k s h o p s ach year the Asia Committee of

JCr the European Science Founda tion sponsors a number of interna tional workshops.

Procedure Workshops proposals (of no more than five pages) are to be sent to the ESF Asia Committee’s Secretariat before 1 June. A number of works hops (between eight and fifteen) will be selected for realization in the year after. In september initiators will be informed on the decision.

W orkshop fo rm a t A 2 or 3 day meeting, preferably initiated by both European and Asian parties, bringing together some 20 senior as well as junior researchers from Asian and at least 7 European countries. Participants from other countries are also welco med. Participants are all asked to contribute to the workshop pro gramme by papers and/or discus sion. The ESF Asia Committee, may give logistic support to the organ ization of the event. The financial support consists of a contribution to the cost of travel and accommo dation to a maximum of FF 100.000 per workshop.

Disciplinair and geograph ical scope The study - ancient and modem, humanities and social sciences - of the languages, cultures, societies and economies of South Asia, Cen tral Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia.

General criteria The Asia Committee strictly ap plies to the following criteria, as part of its policy to support only those activities which are convinc ingly shown as bringing addedvalue by being organized at Europe an level.

: ! -

The workshop proposal must con tain the following information: Names of initiators and organizinginstitution(s) Title of workshop and introduc tion to the topic(s) to be addressed Scientific objectives Proposed date and venue Publication(s) envisaged Indication o f the expected partici pation including a number of names and addresses A very general indication of the costs (the ESF calculates the aver age cost of a 2-3 day workshop, including travel and accommoda tion as FF 5000 per person).

Address and deadline The workshop proposals should be received at the ESF Asia Commit tee’s Secretariat before 1 June.

C o mmi t t e e I E U R O P E A N

S C I E N C E

Agenda La t e

April

1996

Indigenous Emydopedias in Indonesia

o f Asian Studies, 33 Leifsgade DK 2300 Copenhagen S, D enmark

22-23

June

• I I A® n e w s l e t t e r 15156 • A u t u m n 1995

30 J u n e

Mrs D rs S.A.M . K uypers International Institute for Asian Studies P.O.Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands Tel:+31-71-5272227 Fax:+31-71-5272632 E-mail: iias@rullet.LeidenUniv.nl

Encompassing Knowledge: in the i7th-2oth Centuries P rofD r Bernard Arps, D epartm ent o f Languages and Cultures o f Southeast Asia and Oceania, University o f Leiden, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden,

1996

The Netherlands

Oxford, Great Britain

In stitu te for Chinese Studies, Walton Street, Oxford 0x12HG,

Committee's Secretariat

1996

Chinese Business Networks in Global and Comparative Perspective Dr Borge Bakken, Nordic Institute

Dr Frank N. Pieke, Sinological Institute,

proposals con be obtained from the

tu mn

Leiden, The Netherlands

Migrants: Common Themes in International and Internal Migranon

Asia Committee with regard to workshop

Beijing, P.R.C

European Chinese and Chinese Domestic

Further information about the policy o f the

1 9 9 6

[first tranche)

Great Britain

- A multidisciplinary approach, maximizing collaboration between humanities and social sciences - The discourse Asia-Europe should be central. Where possible, projects should be joint-ventured with scholars and institutions in Asia - Central issue in all topics should be 'longue durée’ - The appeal certain topics may have to policy-makers is a plus.

F O U N D A T I O N

- 7 J uly

1996

g i n n i n g

1997

Münster, Germany Asian Minority Cultures in Transition: Diversity, identities, and Encounters Prof. Dr J.D.M. Platenkamp, Seminar fur Völkerkunde, Westfalische W ilhelm s-Universitat M ünster, Studtstrasse 32, 0-48149 M ünster, Germany

Lyon, France Seafaring Communities in the Indian Ocean (4th Centuty B.C. -1 5 Century A.D.) Jean-Francois Salles, DR2, Maison de 1’O rient Méditerrancen, Federation d ’Unites U niversité Lumière Lyon 2, Centre N ational de la Recherche Scientifique, 7 Rue Raulin, F-69007 Lyon, France

La t e

February

1997

Leiden, The Netherlands Transformation o f Houses and Settlements in Western Indonesia: Changing Values and Meanings of Built Fonns in Histoiy and in the

Process o f Modernization ProfD r R. Schefold, Faculty o f Social and Behavioural Science, University o f Leiden, P.O. Box 9555,2300 rb Leiden,

The Netherlands

ESF N E W S

Co mmi t t e e 'e u R O P E A N

S C I E N C E

ESF P ostd octoral

F O U N D A T I O N

embershi p

& Prof. J.C. Breman

Prof. J. Martinussen

Centre fo r Asian Studies,

Institute ofDevelopment Studies,

University o f Amsterdam

Roskilde University

Netherlands

Denmark

Prof E. Collotti-Pischel

Prof. G. Oberhammer

Instituto di Diritto e Politica

InstitutJtirlndologie, Universttat Wien

Internationale, Untversita degli Studt,

Austria

Milan Italy

Prof J.R. Pitte University de Paris IV

Mr J.P. Drège

France

École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris France

Prof. K.M. Schipper Sinologisch Instituut,

Prof. G. Dudbridge

Umversiy o f Leiden

Institute/or Chinese Studies,

Netherlands

Untversity o f Oxford Great Britain

Prof. W.A.L. Stokhof International Institute/or Asian

Prof. Gh. Gnoli

Studies, Leiden

Istituto per il Medio ed

Netherlands

Estremo Oriente, Roma Italy

Prof. Th. Svensson Nordic Institute/or Asian Studies,

Prof. I. Hijiya-Kirschnereit

Copenhagen

Ostasiatisches Seminar,

Nordic countries

Freie Universitat Berlin Germany

Prof. P.-E. Will College de France, Comité’ des

Prof. T. King

Orientalismes, CNRS

Centrefo r South-East Asian Studies,

France

University o f Hull Great Britain

O bservers Prof. W. Klenner FakultdtJür Ostasiemvissenschaften,

Mme M. Boiteux

Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum

Ministère de 1’Enseignement Superieur

Germany

et de la Recherche, Paris France

Prof. B. Kolver Indologie und Zentralasien-

Mrs M. van Hall

wissenschajten, Universitat Leipzig

Ministry o f Education, Cultural Ajffairs

Germany

and Science, Zoetermeer Netherlands

Dr U. Rratz School o f Oriental and Ajrican Studies,

Prof. C. Gluck

London

The Association/or Asian Studies,

Great Britain

Ann Arbor USA

Prof. D. Lombard École Franjaise d’Extreme-Onent, Paris

Mr Chimaki Kurokawa

France

The Toyota Foundation, Tokyo Japan

Prof C. MacDonald Institut de Recherche sur le Sud-Est Asiatique, Aix-en-Provence

ESF O ffic e

France Dr M. Sparreboom Prof. W. Marschall

European Science Foundation,

Institut/iir Ethnologte, Universitat

Strasbourg

Bern

France

Switzerland

3 F

Fellowships

in Asian Studies General conditions for eligibility and scope of the fellowship scheme 1. The ESF Post-doc Fellowships are intended for outstanding young scholars who hold a PhD, another doctorate or a compar able qualification in any field of Asian Studies as defined below (under 12] and who wish to con tinue, broaden or deepen their research in a country other than the applicant’s own. Interdisci plinary research will be particulary encouraged. The ESF Post doc Fellowship scheme will pro mote top-quality research in Asian Studies, with a view to upgrading European research ability and creating a more truly European research community in these fields. 2. The fellowships are restricted to young researchers who are at the beginning of their academic career. They are open to appli cants from all European coun tries and to those who have a well-established relationship with a European research insti tution. The fellowships are of one to three years duration and are intended for outstanding young scholars who want to continue their work at an insti tute in a country other than their own country. 3. The candidate should apply for a stay in one or several univer sities or institutions, where his own field of research will profit from a special intellectual envi ronment, the presence of partic ular research resources or collec tions, from complementary expertise or an interdisciplinary approach. The candidate is expected to have relevant work ing knowledge of the lan guage^) necessary to carry out the study. 4. Applications must be supported by a letter of recommendation from a senior researcher familiar with the candidate and his work (to be forwarded separately) and a letter of acceptance from the receiving institution (Le. where the candidate will work during the time he or she is supported by an ESF grant). In the letter of acceptance, the receiving insti tute or university must confirm its willingness to provide the infrastructural facilities - like the use of a library, desk space, computer, means of communi cation - required by the candi

date. It is the responsibility of the receiving institution to obtain full particulars on the candidate before so doing. 5. Applications for Post-doc Fel lowships will be considered once a year by the ESF Asia Commit tee. Deadline for 1996 is 1 May. Applicants will be notified on the result of their application within three months. 6. Every holder of an ESF fellow ship is required to prepare a concise report o f activities car ried out under the fellowship and submit it to the ESF secre tariat, within two months of completing the fellowship. Each year the fellow is expected to give a number o f presentations on his/her subject. 7. Every publication of work exe cuted while in receipt of an ESF post-doc fellow must acknowl edge the support given by the ESF Asia Committee, and two reprints of copies must be deposited with the Committee’s secretariat. 8. ESF Post-doc fellows are not insured by the ESF against med ical expenses nor are they insured for accidents during their travel to and from the institution/university or during their stay abroad. The ESF does not recognize recipients of its fellowships as agents or employ ees of the Foundation and accepts no liability in respect of any of their actions or activities or in respect of the health or safety of their persons. In their own interest, recipients are, therefore, urged to make sure that both they and the institu tions which receive them are fully covered by the necessary insurance.

awards or contributions, towards the same travel and subsistence expenditure; the ESF will usually reduce its normal financial contribution by a cor responding sum or, where appropriate, annul it entirely. Continuation in whole or parts of existing salaries, superannua tion arrangements, etc., must also be declared. ESF will consid er the arrangements case by case. u . Salary according to age and experience. The remuneration will follow the system of the hosting institution. An extra contribution towards the costs of travel will be provided. 12. The disciplinary and geographi cal scope of the Asia Committee of the European Science Founda tion covers the study (ancient and modern, humanities and social sciences) of the languages, cultures, societies and econo mies of South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia. 13. Depending on the final situa tion, there may be fellowships of two kinds: a. Open fellowships that can in principle be held at any Europe an research institution, and b. Fellowships tied to specific institutes and funded on a national or international basis. 14. A call for applications will be announced through the differ ent professional Newsletters, and will be also circulated via ESF mailings to the European Research Organizations.

9. The ESF is a non-governmental international organization whose awards are not automati cally endowed with any particu lar tax privileges. It is the sole responsibility of the recipient of an ESF fellowship to pay any tax which may be levied upon it by the appropriate national authority. E uropean Science F oundation

xo. In order to avoid duplication of expenditure, particularly with national sources, it is a condi tion of any award by the ESF that a full declaration be made to the Foundation of all grants, Autumn

I, Quai Lezay-Marnésia 67080 Strasbourg Cedex France Tel: (33) 88 76 7 1 27 Fax: (33) 88 37 OS 32 E-mail:CDurant@ esf.c-strasbourg.fr

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NEWS

20-23 MARCH. 1995 PARIS. FRANCE

European Thought in China

F '?

The Scientific R evolution in the Early 17th Century

The workshop took place from 20 to 23 March 1995 in Paris. There were nineteen participants: it was also attended by a small audience o f scholars and graduate students in Chinese history and the history of science. Fifteen papers were discussed. The format chosen for the workshop was the following: all papers had been circulated in advance and were presented not by their author but by another par ticipant, acting as discussant. The author would then reply, and a general discussion would follow. This format, according to partici pants, proved a success: as all the texts had been read in advance, there was time for in depth debate. By C a t h e r i n e J a m i

FERENCE REPORT

i T I h e workshop focused on Xu JL Guangqi (1662-1633), the famous late Ming scholar who played a crucial role in the Chinese reception of Western thought in the 17th century as regards both science and religion. Many studies had already been devoted to Xu Guang qi. Indeed most participants had already worked on him in their respective fields of scholarship. In view of his, the goal set to the work shop was to reach a comprehensive understanding of his life and work taking his historical context into account. This was to lead the way to an assessment o f the significance of Western knowledge for seventeenth century Chinese thought against the late Ming background, rather than according to Western criteria. Considering Xu's multifaceted work, specialists o f several different fields were needed for that purpose. The first session was devoted to historiography and context. It opened with what was a detailed history of Xu Guangqi’s image in the West (G.Blue). The discussion was oriented towards a critical reappraisal of Jesuit accounts. This opened the way to a closer consideration of Xu’s regional back ground (T.Brook). Several features peculiar to the Shanghai area, where he was bom, provide keys to understanding his scholarly inter ests. Thus, his interest in agricul ture and coastal defence stem from his father’s trade and from the troubled times his hometown underwent in his youth, when it was harassed by pirates.

The m ilita ry, agronom y and religion The next session was devoted spe cifically to Xu’s involvement in mil itary affairs. As illustrated by the first paper (P. Calanca) this involve ment was part ofhis official career. It included proposals for moderniz ing the army from the technical point of view, in particular by implementing Western artillery, but also structural reforms that would redefine the Chinese army’s economic status. As the second paper showed (Huang Y.), Xu was in fact part of a network of converts

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attempting to reform the army, an attempt that failed because of the struggles between political factions. As an agronomist, Xu was in the main line of Chinese tradition. Compared to previous agronomic works, the most striking innovation ofhis work, the Nonftzherig quanshu, was the overwhelming importance ofeconomy in it: his approach com bined a bureaucrat’s organizational concern and the know-how of someone who had performed experiments (F. Bray). This combi nation shaped Xu’s description of plants: he classified them according to the uses that could be made of their various parts, not to botanical criteria. The constitution of a gar den thus became a central element of rural and familial economy (G. Métailié). It is as Christian convert that Xu was most advertised in Europe. Religious matters are also crucial to a contextualized understanding of Xu’s world-view. An original assess ment o f the process ofhis conver sion, showing how it corresponded to important changes in his schol arly interests from classical exegesis to more technical and more innova tive subjects, was proposed (N. Standaert). Considering religion in late Ming society, it is important to understand how Xu’s commitment to Christianity determined his atti tude to Chinese religion, and espe cially to Buddhism, which was then regaining popularity, and against which the Jesuits battled. It appears that Xu’s attacks on Buddhism were mainly part of a defensive strategy set up at difficult times for the mis sion. A good part of the arguments he ranged against it was inspired by Christian ideas, which he combined with more traditional Confucian orthodox morality (E. ZiircherJ.

G eom etry and astronom y By translating Euclid’s Elements o f Geometry into Chinese (collaborat ing with Matteo Ricci), Xu opened a new era for Chinese science. Three contributions were devoted to this pioneering work. First, it is neces sary to understand Xu’s contribu tion towards combatting the state of Chinese mathematics at the time: Euclidean geometry was a means to answer questions that were then important to the discipline (Siu M.). Secondly, the study of Xu’s own essay on the right-angled triangle shows how he tried to apply this new geometry to problems found in old Chinese texts, the meaning of which had mostly been lost (P. Engelfriet). Finally, it is only by considering the work of some major

Chinese mathematicians up to the 1800s that one fully realizes Xu’s importance in the field (Horng W.) The next session was devoted to astronomy, a field in which Xu’s role in the adoption of Western knowledge was central. The links between this discipline and relig ion, especially as regards the causes of the 1616 anti-Christian move ment, were analysed, with special emphasis on Hu’s role during this crisis (A. Dudink). At a more techni. cal level, the study of the star cata logue compiled during the calendar reform promoted by Xu showed the wider implications the synthesis between Western and Chinese skies had on the Chinese world-view. Finally, Xu’s general outlook on science was discussed. First, the links between mathematics, astron omy, and his world-view show that in his mind the interest in very var ied disciplines had a common moti vation, which was not merely utili tarian (Hashimoto K.). Lastly, the integration of Chinese and Western knowledge was considered: in Xu’s syncretic view, the latter did not conflict with the former: Western elements could be assimilated into the Chinese mould, because of the universality of some notions (HanQJ

Social significance The final discussion, besides devoting its attention to the format of the book that will be the workshop’s main outcome, brought out some features that seemed com mon to Xu's approach to the various fields mentioned above. The most important one could be a character ization of Xu’s implicit epistemolo gy: whether in religion or in agron omy, there seems to be the same emphasis on the verifiability of knowledge. Another interesting fea ture, perhaps more characteristic of his time, was the constant connec tion made in his work as in his career, between the theoretical aspects of the sciences he studied and their social significance (this is an important feature ofshixue concrete studies). Whereas the very fact of Xu’s originality was made possible by the late Ming context, it was the way in which he turned to Western studies, combining them with Chinese traditional questions and methods, and the impact his scientific work had on later scholars that make him unique, and a pio neer not only in the acceptance of Western culture, but more broadly in that major scientific renewal that seventeenth century China wit nessed.

One of the main results achieved by the workshop was that it brought together various points of view into a coherent picture. This will be reflected in the book, for which all contributors were asked to revise their paper, taking the discussions into account. The manuscript, which I am editing in collaboration with Peter Engelfriet, should be ready by the end of 1995. ^

ESF

NEWS

27-29 APRIL I995 LONDON, GREAT BRITAIN

1t SI I

South Arabian M igration M ovem ents in the Indian O cean:

The Hadhrami Case,

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0.1750-1967 The workshop was held at SOAS from April 27 to 29 1995 and was attended by thirty-eight persons. It met with great interest and there were a number of late applications to contribute papers or attend which had to be turned down, as the workshop functioned on a paper-givers only basis. Thirty-one participants had submitted papers, which were sent out to discussants who prepared introduc tions of approximately thirty minutes to specific topics. During the workshop itself, only the discussants presented their contributions, and then opened the floor for discussion.

Black holes

D. Abdallah Bujra

Dr Huub de Jonge

(DPMN, Addis Abeba) Social Divisions within Hadhrami Socioxy.

(University ofNijmegen, Netherlands): Hadhrami Roles in the Internal Politics o f Host Societies.

The workshop formula proves to be very successful in focusing the discussion on particular theme, rather than listening to and dis cussing each individual paper, Since D Bujra discussed the social divi there had been no comprehensive De Jonge distinguished between sions under the following rubrics: study of the Hadhrami diaspora so three phases with regard to Hadh the stratification system; relations far, this method, for the first time, rami involvement in host societies: between and muwallads (Hadhra helped not only to bring the results the precolonial period of often mis born abroad); the Irshadi-Alawi of various regional specialists strong involvement, a much more conflict; class divisions; and politi together but also facilitated imme difficult colonial period, in which cal and ideological lines of division. Dr Farid Alatas By W i l l i a m C l a r e n c e - S m i t h diate exchanges and comparisons. the Hadhramis were often regarded In the discussion, the importance of (NUS Singapore): and U l r i k e F r e i t a g One of the most striking results of with suspicion by the colonial pow the more general relevance of the The Economic Origins o f Emigrathe workshop was the disparity ot ers and the local population alike, Alawi-Irshadi conflict was ques tion from and the Economic the research done hitherto. South and the post-colonial period in tioned, as this conflict was limited Impact on the Diaspora. east Asia and, to a lesser degree which their involvement has been basically to Southeast Asia and India, have been very much the related to integration into or exclu Hadhramaut and its influence on After clarifying the term diaspora, focus of scholarship on Hadhramis sion from nation states. However, social divisions is evaluated very Dr Alatas commented particulary particularly in terms of economy in the discussion, this periodization differently even in that context. on the role of remittances for (sub and religious movements. In com was questioned, pointing to longer sistence, state-building, potential parison, much less has been done on term patterns of developments and modernization). However, the t h e themes and discussants Hadhramaut itself, the Red Sea area contradictory patterns. Overall, it Professor (em.) William Roff increased access to funds also led to were the following: and East Africa, where questions of seems extremely difficult to discern (Columbia University, New York): a decline in stability and mediation social identity have been more in clear pattern in this area. Religious Divisions between in favour of armed conflict (abun the forefront of scholarly interest. Hadhramis. dant armed supplies). The impact Dr Ulrike Freitag In view of such ‘black holes’, the on their host societies was present [SOAS, London): conference at times turned into an Dr.Fran$oise Le GuennecProf. Roff once more emphasized ed as declining, particularly in the The Hadhramis and outline of desideratum for future Coppens the fluidity of such categories as second half of the twentieth centu Colonial Rule. research, as much reporting on the (CNRS, Paris): religious’ and ‘political’ in the light ry with the development of states. current state of the art. Interesting Hadhrami Social identity in of overlapping discourses. He The most important thematic gap, During this session the advantag ly enough however, there is quite a Relation to Host Societies in stressed the necessity to focus atten to Dr Alatas related to the legal es and disadvantages of colonial lot of work at PhD level in progress, the Diaspora. tion on the question of the phe framework and commercial tech rule for Hadhramis were outlined, much of which was introduced at nomenon of religious authority and niques used by the in order to build as the relations between Hadhramis the workshop The workshop also One of the most important desi its relocation in the light of socio their commercial empire. and colonial rule abroad seemed to provided the first opportunity for derata, according to Dr Le Guennececonomic developments. He then The discussion focused on cultu be - at least very often - quite the community ofHadhrimaut Coppens, in future scholarship proceeded to place the Alawi-Irshadi ral aspects of emigration and the smooth, while colonial rule in researchers to meet and thus should be to investigate the host debate, as well as the discussion question on how far trade, family, Hadhramaut itself could point to a inspired a wide range of new con societies and relate scholarship on about Shi’i influences, in this con and religious networks overlapped number of Hadhrami requests for tacts and future research projects. Hadhramis to this in order to create text. This raised in the discussion or supplemented one another. its establishment. The obvious ben In terms of practical results, we a fuller picture. Another main ques the question of dominant influenc efits, such as economic opportu are currently negotiating with a tion, in her eyes, relates to the ques es, not least by Sudanese and Wah nities, security and protection, number of publishers to publish an tion of choice of particular host habi religious leaders on the social Dr Gwyn Campbell infrastructure and the hope of out edited volume of selected contribu societies. Why did the Hadhramis and religious reform debate and its (University ofWitwatersrand, side support were at least partly bal tions to the conference. ^ migrate to Indonesia, but not to the importance in more general terms. Johannesburg): anced by the disadvantage of having Philippines and Thailand? What do Economic Niches Occupied by to play by somebody else’s rules. we know about the social origins of the Hadhramis in Host Societies. the migrants? One of the main Dr William Clarence-Smith problems is that o f‘visibility’, of (SOAS, London): Instead of a political periodiza Dr.Omar Khalidi clearly recognizable social groups Relations o f the Hadhramis tion, Dr Campbell preferred one [MIT, Cambridge, Mass): and origins, a phenomenon most with other Diaspora. according to economic periods The political origins o f Emigration clearly found amongst Sayyids. But which, for the Indian Ocean, he from and the Political Impact on does this mean that other groups Clarence-Smith outlined the two characterized as marked by the the Diaspora, did not emigrate - or did they sim types of relations between Hadhra expansion of the (industrial) inter ply integrate much more easily into mis and other diaspora, one of com national economy by the end of the Dr Khalidi placed much emphasis the host societies? The discussion petition and hostility and one of nineteenth century. As main char on the question of whether, in a sit focused, among other things, on the friendship and cooperation. While acteristics, he noted the end of uation where about one-third of the extent of polygamy found amongst the first, as the more spectacular, slave, opium, and illegal arms trade, population was living overseas, one Hadhramis, and its function in seems to be emphasized in much of the loosening of protectionism and could still regard the Hadhramaut creating links with the host soci the existing literature, the second a technological revolution in terms as the centre from which to look at eties, especially in matrilineal ones. type seems actually to have pre of transport and communications, the topic. His answer was that the vailed, not only in East Africa but military technology, and medicine. centre of Hadhrami gravity should also in Java. The discussion was This stimulated a discussion about be regarded as shifting, depending dominated by comments regarding the validity of such a distinction, on political and economic develop potential structural reasons for the using as arguments with regard to ments. While somewhat neglecting generally successful integration of Hadhrami trade, the increase in - due to lack of available resource Hadhramis, such as economic and sailing boats and the development the ‘push’ factors, he saw, as the class links which might not be of new coastal trade. Also, the ques main impact on Hadhramaut, the found in other diaspora. tion of premodern networks and contribution to state-building since their coherence and vulnerability the late nineteenth century.

RENCE

REPORT

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ESF

5 - 7 APRIL 1995 L O N D O N , UNI TED KI NGDOM

28 JUNE - I JULY, 1995 PARIS, FRANCE

The Canon in S ou th east Asian Literatures

State and R itual in East Asia

A workshop on ‘The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures’ was held at the School o f Oriental and African Studies, University o f London from 5-7 April 1995. The workshop, which was organized by the Centre o f Southeast Asian Studies at SOAS was generously funded by the Euro pean Science Foundation. It attracted papers on the literatures o f Burma, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet nam; it brought together scholars from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phi lippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Russia, Germany, USA, the Czech Repub lic, Australia, the Netherlands, and England.

By D a v i d S m y t h

rary writers have begun to abandon socialist realism.

r r n h e literary J L canon is one of the most lively areas of debate in con temporary lit erary studies. In the English-speaking world, the term ‘canon’ is most widely under stood to refer to an institutionally recognized list of exemplary works, such as the body of works constitut ing the national literature of a country. The term is also used, how ever, to denote a system o f rules for creating such works. These two fun damentally different, although not irreconcilable, usages of the term were reflected in the papers pre sented. A traditional and popular view of literature sees it as a chronological arrangement of famous authors and major works which are linked over the centuries by a perceived cultural unity and which ‘have stood the test of time'. Increasingly although by no means universally literary scholars have begun to view the literary canon as primarily a social construct and literary worth as a reflection of power relations rather than intrinsic aesthetics. A major aim of the workshop was to look at such ideas in the context of the literary canons of Southeast Asia. Papers varied in focus, from the btoad panoramic survey of trends in a national literature to very specific discussions of the role of an individual in shaping a canon or the place of a particular text within a tradition, and from con temporary to traditional literature. Anna Allott (SOAS) and AnnaMarie Esche (Humboldt University Berlin) offered broad surveys of the developments of prose fiction in Burma to the present day, the for mer focusing in particular on present government censorship and artistic guideline. In Vietnam, too, writers risk incurring Party censure despite the official lip-service paid to artistic freedom; nevertheless, Dana Healy (SOAS) noted the cau tious emergence of a more innova tive literature, m where contempo

PÏ1ËNCË REPORT

• IIAS

newsletter

NEWS

W estern influence A recurring theme throughout the w orbhop was the multi-faceted influence of the West upon South east Asian literature, ranging from the cultural transfer of prose fiction as a literary genre to the emergence of a tradition of academic descrip tion and analysis o f imaginative works. Phan Cu De (University of Hanoi) described the impact of French and English literatures on literature in Vietnam since 1930, while Bernard Arps (Leiden Univer sity) and Ungku Maimunah Modh (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) discussed the role of Westerners in codifying Javanese poetics and writ ing Malay literary history respec tively. The emergence of literature as an institutionalized branch of knowl edge was addressed in papers ana lyzing Indonesian literary histories for secondary schools by Ulrich Kratz (SOAS), Thai histories of the novel by David Smyth (SOAS) and the development of Malay literary criticism by Lisbeth Littrupo (UniI versity of Copenhagen). Christine Cambell (ANU) presented a paper entitled: Is there a women’s canon?’, which prompted lively discussion about the role of women in Southeast Asian literature and the rele vance of Western feminist theory to the Southeast Asian context. Several papers dealt with indige nous aesthetics, Peter Koret (New York) illustrating the concept of creativity within the rigid conven tions of traditional Lao verse, Mohammed Haji Salleh (Leiden University) ‘rescuing’ Malay poetics from Western cultural domination, and Vladimir Braginsky (SOAS) describing an instruction of how to read and write a specific Malay text. Papers taking an overall view of the canon included the discussion by Juri Osipov (St. Petersburg) of the role of Buddhist hagiographies in forming the canon in the classical literatures of Indochina, an analysis

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of the Indonesian canon by Budi Darma (IKIP Surabaya) and the com parison by Luisa Mallari (University of the Philippines) of the recon struction of the Philippine and Malay novel as national literature, Ruth Mabanglo’s paper on the clas sics ofTagalog literature prompted a lively discussion on the status of competing literatures in a multi lingual society. There was a widely expressed feel ing among participants that this workshop represented both a timely and innovative development in the study of Southeast Asian literatures and that papers presented would be of interest not only to regional spe cialists but also those working from a broader, comparative perspective. Two offers to publish the complete set of papers have been immediately forthcoming: a number o f further possibilities are also being investi gated. The organizers would like to express, once again, their sincere thanks to the European Science Foundation for their generous sponsorship of this workshop.

The conference ‘State and Ritual in East Asia’ was held 28 June -1 July 1995 in Paris. The organization with strong panels directed by wellknown scholars acting as discussants made it possible to accommo date a great diversity o f approaches while at the same tim e avoiding dispersion. Among the panels, which have generally been felt to be particularly successful, those on ‘definitions’, the ‘Han’ panel, the ‘Buddhist panels, and the panel on ‘local administration’ should be mentioned. But a number o f outstanding papers have been delivered in other panels as well.

By P i e r r e - E t i e n n e W i l l and C a t h e r i n e Bell

A m ongthe L x results,

that were summed up in the final dis cussion, are a better grasp of the diversity of rituals in every cul ture, notably Chinese culture, and among the different cultures con sidered (notably China, Korea, Japan). It has also been made clear that, despite appearances, a sinocentric approach must definitely be avoided as far as, for example, Kore an rituals are concerned. Important advances have also been made in the comprehension of the linguistic and theoretical aspects of the prob lem. A number of speakers, in rather different ways, underlined the importance of keeping in view the so-called 'religious' aspects of ritual, by which they meant that most of the time people really believed, often in personally committed ways, that ritual had an intrinsic importance and impact on the uni verse. At the same time, many of the presentations made it clear that rit ual is one of those forms of social action in which personal convic tions, religious assumptions, and political purposes become virtually indistinguishable. In other words, while religious aspects cannot be dismissed, in ritual they often appear to be readily, and usefully, conflated with other aspects. Erik Ziircher was certainly correct in reminding us that we should dis tinguish between the personal, court, state, or universal spheres in which an emperor might appropri ate or conduct a ritual. However, at the same time, one of the reasons that ritual was so important appears to be the way in which the boundaries between these spheres can be muddled and unclear in ritu al practice.

REPORT

R itu al as a m edium fo r cu ltu ral action Many papers pointed to the role of controversies in the historical and ethnographic materials to illumi nate the assumptions about ritual, as well as the variety of viewpoints. This approach appears to support the contention, espoused in several presentations, that ritual is a way of taLking about things that cannot, or should not, be talked about in other ways. For example, ritual debates concerning the proper lineage ritu als performed by the emperor was a way in which the construction of the monarchy in terms of lineage could be defined or redefined. To debate lineage rites enables people to address institutions like the mon archy and the family without being more verbally explicit about the ‘constructedness' of these institu tions in general - which would ‘de naturalize’ such institutions. This suggests that ritual action and ritual discourse (or debates) are ways of naturalizing certain socio-cultural constructions, making them appear embedded in the ‘nature of things’ despite controversies over details. The foregoing points support the imagery of ritual as a ‘medium’ of cultural action, terminology that appears to be rather straightforward while encouraging us to be alert to the ways in which such a medium works (how the medium is the mes sage, to use Marshall Me Luhan’s famous phrase). As a medium, ritual possesses some exceptional or dis tinctive qualities. For example, everyone knows a ritual when they see it; it can-be named, organized, and proscribed, etc. Yet the spec trum of ritual actions is a very unclear continuum, which makes ritual a wonderfully flexible medi um that requires an abundance of interpretation. As someone pointed out, it is a medium in which there can be no winners and losers, or, depending on the interpretations, very different perspectives on win ners and losers. As a medium, it works less to give people specific concepts or doctrines that are open for debate or denial, and more to present ways o f‘embodying’ values and dispositions.

ESF N E W S

t 'Aj r/ ■M

Influences o f Li

Open conference

It may be of interest to stress that What is most striking about the conference was from the start China, in comparison to Korea and designed as an ‘open’ one - that is, Japan (although the comparisons open to the general public of nonare complex), is the centrality of its participants, for whom simultane appeal to Li as a medium of socio ous translation was provided. cultural creation and ordering. Indeed, a number of scholars and More than any other culture, it students present in Paris followed seems to have relied very heavily, part or all of the discussion. In this though not exclusively, on ritual to way, the conference was an impor accomplish various forms of social tant place for contact as exchange organization, political leadership, between scholars from all points of and cultural consensus. Li created the compass, European or other social order in a hierarchical or grid wise. fashion, and it also created types of Virtually all the papers presented social ‘groups' - and anthropologi were communicated to the organiz cal theory suggests that ritual can ers in advance and could be copied and should provide both grid and and circulated among the partici group. But Li was clearly better pants. A publication is planned in the suited to establishing various social form of one or several special issues of grids, which reached down to ‘peop T’oury Pao and the Bulletin de 1’Ecole le’ in very limited ways. The ‘group Franpiise d’Extrrine Orient. ^ established by Li was that of a cul tural elite, not a sense of the Chi nese people as a whole. While some have seen Chinese ritual as an amazing source of cultural unity, many papers suggested that there was also reason to marvel at the lack or inconsistency of cultural consen sus achieved in China. The relation ships between local and elite cere monial life were often problematic. Hence, we are left wondering what is responsible for the cultural unity and for the lack of cultural consen sus - is it the heavy dependence on ritual as a medium of cultural com munication that gives one this par adoxical situation, or is it the specif ic nature of Li itself: at least in the way it tended to be interpreted and promoted in Chinese history? Ritu al has recently become a popular tool of analysis in conjunction with the issue of the cultural unity and diversity of China. We are not sure that China is any more unified or diverse than most other polities, but clearly we tend to perceive its unity and diversity as tied up with the more subtle cultural dynamics of ritual. We are left with questions concerning just how Li specifically exerted both positive and negative influences on the development of cultural consensus. It is interesting to note, for example, that Li was so inept at addressing a modern republic, and the rituals that did most to consolidate a national con sensus revolved around personality cults (Sun Yatsen, Mao, etc.). Like wise, cultural consensus and diver sity in Japan and Korea seem to have worked out differently, not only appealing to different organization al bases, but also being rather modi fied or even quite different notions of what the Chinese would call Li.

LATE FEBRUARY 1996 (3 DAYS) LEIDEN UNIVERSITY,THE NETHERLANDS WORKSHOP I

Transformation o f Houses and Settlements in Western Indonesia:

fo }1

o n trib u V »>tions to the workshop should focus on transforma tions in build A G E N D A ings and set tlement and/or on individual and collective ideas associated with the physical aspects o f‘built forms in Western Indonesia, particularly under conditions of changes either in the past or during the recent process of modernization. The cen tral issue will be the relationship between such ideas or values and the respective architectural ele ments: How do ideas and values influence the production of build ings? How do built forms in turn influence, or even give rise to, rele vant ideas? And what happens to ideas or values when forms change? What happens to forms when ideas and values change? Since the workshop is planned in the context of a project dealing particularly with Western Indone sia, contributions on cases from West Java and Sumatra, with the adjacent smaller islands, are most welcome. However, for reasons of comparison, it is desirable also to have a few papers dealing with cases from other parts of Southeast Asia. The geographic scope indicat ed in the title is therefore to be understood as being somewhat flexible.

C haracterization o f the problem and scientific objectives The cultural meanings and val ues of buildings and built environ ments under conditions of change represent a problem that concerns, first of all, those who inhabit the respective spaces. However, this problem also embraces those who build and organize these spaces, builders and planners, and those who study them, historians of architecture, geographers, sociolo gists and anthropologists. As the workshop is conceived in the framework of a larger project to be realized mainly by a collaboration between anthropologists, sociolo gists, and architects, the emphasis will be on architectural, sociologi cal, and anthropological approach es to the subject. In each of the respective fields the question of meanings and values of built forms has always been an important issue, but it may be said that too often it has been treated without much consideration for the impact of change. Architectural symbol ism, for instance, is usually dis-

Changing Values and M eanings o f B uilt Forms in H istory and in the Process o f M odernization cussed only at the synchronic level and described as if it were not, or only to some small extent, subject to change in time. In the theory of architecture this has a very long tradition, which in Europe goes back to the Roman architect Vitru vius who had the habit of quoting myths and legends to explain the meaning of certain elements of the Greek ‘orders’. We know, however, partly even from Vitruvius’ own work, that opinions about the interpretation of such meanings were by no means unanimous, even in antiquity. In modern anthropology, the reference may be to myths and legends, with the addition of rituals, but perhaps more common are explanations drawn simply from local infor mants or derived from the tradi tional names of the spaces and ele ments of a building. Only rarely are divergent opinions of local individuals or differences in past and present interpretations record ed and discussed in publications. Similar conditions prevail in the study of other aspects of architec tural semantics and with regard to values. In a sense this is even more disturbing, because even more sali ent, is the fact that the buildings and settlements of an ethnic group are often discussed as if their phys ical aspect could be sufficiently represented by a rough sketch of only one or two examples. In real ity the comparison of buildings within a single village often reveals significant differences in form and construction, suggesting that diachronic change, is an im portant factor here that deserves to be studied more seriously. In short, the category of change, which plays such a great part in the processes of modernization now at work in Indonesia, has not yet received sufficient attention in the discussion of the structures that form the built environments of the respective ethnic groups. The scientific objectives of the workshop will be to improve this situation by focusing the combined attention of a number of scholars on this important, hitherto neglect ed, problem.

Organizing institution The workshop will be organized by the Institute of Cultural and Social Studies of Leiden University, under the direction of Prof. R. Schefold. The institute is presently engaged on a four-year research project titled ‘Design and Meaning of Architecture and Space among Eth nic Groups of Western Indonesia’. This project is to be realized in cooperation with counterparts from various Indonesian universities. In the framework of this project, the initiators of the workshop are Prof. R. Schefold (cultural anthro pology of Indonesia), Dr P. Nas (urban sociology of Indonesia), and G. Domenig, dipl.arch.ETH (vernac ular architecture of Indonesia).

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ESF N E W S 22-23 JUNE 1996 OXFORD, GREAT BRITAIN WORKSHOP 3

European Chinese and Chinese D om estic M igrants:

Common Themes in

\4r\± y ^ & FO ^

In tern ation al and Internal

rT ^ h e moveJL m ent of population within and from China has AGENDA assumed an unprecedented scale since the onset o f the reforms in 1978. After decades o f effective migra tion controls, the Chinese have gained the freedom to move to desti nations in China itself and abroad that offer the prospect o f a better life for themselves and their families. Currently, China is experiencing a migration transition in the context of economic and social development similar to the experiences of other developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Skeldon 1990). Yet Chinese migration is, and will con tinue to be, unique in certain respects. First, the sheer num ber of people who are involved adds up to tens o f millions, posing extraordi nary challenges to authorities o f the receiving areas and countries. Sec ond, the strict controls on internal and international migration of the Maoist period (that have many his torical precedents such as the Qing dynasty ban on international migra tion and Han Chinese migration to Manchuria) have not and probably will not be lifted completely. The hukou system especially will continue to be a powerful policy instrum ent to direct and to restrict population transfers. Third, cultural traits, such as ancestor worship, the importance of the in-group, and the stress on descent and common origin lend a specifically Chinese character to the migration of Chinese.

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Scientific objectives The workshop we propose here will contribute to the understand ing o f these crucial changes o f Chi nese society. More specifically, it endeavours to bridge the artificial gap separating two im portant fields in contemporary China Studies, namely internal migration in China and emigration from China, specifi cally to Europe. These massive popu lation transfers ate an im portant topic ofscholarly research in mod em China; understanding their demographic, economic, social, cul tural, and political repercussions is vital to policy-makers and the busi ness community in Europe who w ant to keep abreast o f the develop m ent o f contemporary China and its interaction w ith societies in Europe. Over the past fifteen years, much research has been done on both Chi nese internal m igration and Chinese emigration. Surprisingly, however, students of Chinese internal and 60 • HAS

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international migration have hardly interacted so far. The workshop will help discover the similarities (and dissimilarities) of many of the cen tral issues in both fields, such as the social organization of migration, the structure and culture o f m igrant communities and the role of volun tary associations, the impact o f migration on the home commu nities, entrepreneurship and employment, and the formation of regional and ethnic identities. Internal and international Chinese migration are two fragmented fields o f academic inquiry, Chinese migra tion is thus studied in many differ ent settings (China itself, Southeast Asia, North America, Australia, Europe) by researchers from many different countries and many differ ent disciplinary backgrounds. Bring ing scholars together in one work shop will contribute much to the m aturation o f Chinese internal and international migration studies and further their integration with and contribution to modern China Stud ies and general migration studies. During the workshop, 15 research ers in Chinese internal and interna tional migration will meet three specialists in general migration studies. The workshop will be con ducted in English as the participants will be from Europe, China, Austra lia, and the U.S. Their papers and discussion will be aimed to achieve the following objectives: 1. To discover the communalities between Chinese internal migra tion and international migration, specifically to Europe; 2. To integrate the approaches to Chinese migration in disciplines such as sinology, anthropology, history, demography, sociology, social geography, political science; 3. To integrate Chinese migration studies in the latger fields o f gen eral migration studies and Chi nese Studies; 4. To develop projects for collabora tive research by scholars from dif ferent European countries and China.

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Themes Roughly from 1958, China was char acterized for a good two decades by strong anti-migration policies and relatively low levels of population mobility. Only after the onset of the reforms in the late 1970s, did popula tion mobility start to increase and migration appeared on the political and research agendas. The relative newness of the phenomenon is the main reason for the paucity of migra tion data and studies. Investigations into population mobility in China can be divided into two types: first, large, nationwide, state-sponsored investi gations like the 1990 census, the 1987 and 1995 intercensal surveys, and the 1986 survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of migration in 74 cities and towns. The second type con sists o f local ‘floating population' sur veys. These studies are usually prompted more by practical issues and perceived (but not necessarily sub stantiated) problems like urban plan ning complications, traffic congestion, transgression of family planning quo tas, and increased crime, than by aca demic considerations. Publications tend to be oriented towards policymaking in a very general way, but in recent years there has been a trend in the direction of the use o f empirical data and sophisticated techniques of demographic analysis. The main themes in the PRC migration litera ture are statistical issues (numbers of migrants, types of categories, prob lems of definition), characteristics of migrants, rural underemployment (‘surplus labour’), and migration poli cy. Migration is often treated in terms of its ‘contributions' and ‘problems’. The negative image of the migrant is perhaps best illustrated by the term man^liu (short for mangmu liudong) or blind mobility, which is commonly used in the media, daily speech, and even government publications, rein forcing the image of uncontrolled movement of a 'vagrant population’ subverting ordered social life. Here, the demographers often play a moder ating role, by arguing for more a pre cise use of terms, and propagating the term liudong renkou, which is usually rendered as ‘floating population’. Chinese demographic research has yielded useful information but covers only a limited range of topics. Fortu nately, Chinese anthropologists and sociologists have recently become interested in migration. Their research holds considerable promise as it addresses broader issues such as the organization of migration net works, the social structure of migrant communities, and the impact of migration on the migrants’ home communities.

Studies by scholars outside the PRC have long been concerned with urban ization, rather than migration per se, and much has been written on the problems o f estimating the migration to urban places, and its contribution of migration to urban growth and urbanization. Focusing more on migration as a phenomenon in itself) the work of Sidney Goldstein and Alice Goldstein (sometimes in cooperation with Chinese authors) consists of thorough demographic analyses, espe cially of the different characteristics of permanent and temporary migrants. Both types of work derive their data from Chinese official statistics and migration surveys. A few authors have undertaken their own fieldwork, and this usually takes place in rural areas rather than urban places. A somewhat separate topic is the role of state policy and the relation ship of the state to migrants. Migra tion policy in the Chinese case is embodied in the so-called household registration system, which for two decades formed a formidable obstacle to rural-urban migration, but is increasingly being undermined by the effects of institutional and economic reform. Given the strongly developed sense o f regional belonging o f many Chinese, it is surprising that almost no studies exist about local identity and ethnicity of migrants. Apart from the work of Emily Honig, the only other author who has taken an inter est in these issues is Helen Siu. Overseas Chinese migration and communities are an older and larger field of research than Chinese internal migration. Much of the work on over seas Chinese migration, migrant asso ciations, ties to the home community, entrepreneurship and employment, and ethnic identity is directly or indi rectly relevant to Chinese internal migration. But whereas the Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America are well-researched, much less is known about the Chinese in Europe. Up to now, research on the overseas Chinese in Europe has focused on France, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, and more recently Italy. Much less infor mation is as yet available on the large Chinese communities in Germany, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the Scandi navian countries, and Eastern Europe. However, even more problematic is the fact that, with only a few excep tions almost all research is limited to a Chinese community in one single European country, neglecting the fact that the Chinese population in Europe is made up of several discrete transna tional communities with a shared his tory and extensive networks often spanning the entire continent. We strongly feel that a correction o f this

image is long overdue by specifically concentrating research on the Chinese as a pan-European ethnic group. The surge of immigration to Europe is one of the most hotly debated issues in Europe. Unfortunately, the debate is cast almost exclusively in terms of problems (unemployment, crime, racism) and financial cost (social security, social work, housing). The parallel with the discussion in China on the ‘floating population’ is obvi ous. The Netherlands is a case in point. In view of the heated debate about the introduction of compulsory ID cards in this country as a means of controlling illegal immigration, it is interesting to note that the Chinese authorities introduced a national ID card in the late 1980s in reaction to increased - and partly unwanted migration in urban areas. A better understanding of the nature and long history of migration to Europe, the lives of migrants, and the integration of the second generation will do much to improve the image of the migrant that has been undeservedly tainted in such superficial and polarized debates. Migrants, moreover, are not just a drain on the exchequer. Their labour, entrepreneurship, skills, and capital contribute vitally to economic growth. Mobility of migrants between European countries, for instance, is much more than the flow of people to those countries where social security is best. It is also a way for immigrants to create and optimize business and employment opportunities through out the continent. Research on Chi nese immigration to Europe could help ameliorate this lopsided picture as the Chinese are among the most successful and entrepreneurially minded immigrants. To arrive at a more balanced pic ture, we need much mote information concerning the immigration, settle ment, and employment of immigrant groups from a European rather than a national perspective. What does Europe look like through the eyes of immigrants and how do they nego tiate its challenges and avail them selves of its opportunities? What are the patterns of international and interregional mobility of immigrant groups after their arrival in Europe and how can these patterns be explained? What are the resources they use and the opportunities they seek? Which organizations do immi grants establish or turn to for infor mation or help? What role do local and pan-European networks of immi grants play to gather information, dis cover opportunities, and find support? To discover the many similarities between internal and international Chinese migration we propose to start

ESF N E W S LATE APRIL 1996 (3 DAYS) CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, BEIJING WORKSHOP 2

M igration Not only the migrant’s family plays with questions of method by asking an important role in the migration Who is a migrant? This seems a trivial process. Migration often involves both point but a number of important the home community (village) and the themes emerge when this question is community of migrants at the desti explored. nation. Indeed through migration A migrant is a person away for his these communities are organically or her home. Migrants spend a consid linked, an aspect lost when migration erable time in another social environ is only viewed in spatial terms. Migra ment where they are outsiders in tion takes place in the context of dense opposition to dominant groups of networks that link communities of established residents. This opposition origin and destination. Local author highlights a first cluster of themes: ities, both at the place of origin and identity, stereotyping, discrimination, destination, are actively involved in power differentials, and exploitation. facilitating, regulating, or restricting When confronted with other people, the flow of migrants. In other cases, migrants have to question and rede enterprises employ scouts to recruit fine identities previously taken for workers. More often, migrants find granted. Identities are a social and employment through informal con psychological resource for survival in tacts established by chain migration. an alien environment A shared iden A w ell- researched aspect of Chinese tity may, for instance, help to build international migration, such migra mutual-aid networks that assist tion mechanisms is totally unexplored migrants to get housing, jobs, or in the study of Chinese internal loans. When internal and internation migration. al migration are compared, migrant organizations rooted in mutual-aid Organization networks are a topic o f special interest. The workshop will be held in Ox A shared identity can also be the ford on 22 and 23 June 1996 in the basis of stereotyping and discrimina context of the fourth meeting of the tion by established residents who „ Goran Aijmer European China want to hold on to their dominant Anthropology Network. The advan position and superior access to strate tages o f this arrangement will be: gic resources. Here the role o f the state 1. The workshop can be advertised is crucial. In China, the state often through the network’s newsletter; reinforces negative stereotypes of 2. In addition to the participants, a migrants through its manipulation of larger audience of modern China terms such as mangliu. In Europe, the specialists will be present which state’s representation o f immigrants will stimulate the general discus is ambiguous. On the one hand, eco sion and will help towards a better nomic immigrants (as opposed to incorporation of migration political refugees) are often con research in China studies. demned as opportunistic fortune3. The anthropological and sociologi seekers. On the other hand, the cal orientation of the network’s minorities policies of most European members will provide a discipli states have been designed to further nary perspective that thus far has the integration of established immi been lacking, especially in internal grant communities. Simultaneously, migration studies. ^ however, these policies unintentional ly reinforce stereotypes held by the autochthonous population of immi grants as dependent free riders who Initiators: have come to Europe to enjoy the Frank Pieke social benefits paid for by local tax (University of Leiden / payers. University of Oxford) Migrants may be moving to far Hein Mallee away places but they usually remain (University of Leiden) members of the home community. Flemming Christiansen This leads to a second cluster of (University of Manchester) themes: the impact of migration on MetteThune the families and communities of ori (NIAS, Copenhagen) gin. Migration is usually a strategic family decision of labour allocation Correspondence address and portfolio diversification, giving Frank Pieke rise to geographically dispersed but Sinological Institute functionally connected ‘expanded’ P.O.Box 9515 families. Even sort-term circulation 2300 RA Leiden can have a profound impact on the The Netherlands (sexual) division of labour within fam Tel:+31-71-5272530 ilies, and even on the decision wheth Fax:+31-71-5272625 er or not women live with their E-mail: pieke@rullet.leidenuniv.nl husband’s family after marriage.

C hinese B usiness N etw orks in G lobal and Com parative Perspective r j l h e idea o f

this work shop emerged from talks with scholars and AGENDA research poli cy-makers in Hongkong, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the U.S. held during Max Sparreboom’s and Thommy Svensson's journey to the Far East on behalf o f the ESF Asia Committee in April 1994. The proposal has been developed in conjunction w ith Thommy Svensson’s visit to Beijing in November 1994 - when the plans were discussed w ith leading repre sentatives of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences - during Dr Borge Bakken’s residence at the Contem porary China Centre at ANU in to Canberra in January-February 1995 and through discussions w ith sev eral scholars at major European centres for m odern China studies.

Points o f departure

‘spirit o f capitalism’? Are we witness ing a new phenomenon which the world has previously seen, or is- as others have argued - the Chinese path, after all, ju st one of many cases within a general pattern o f historical development?

Scientific objectives The aim o f the workshop is to bring together the foremost academic specialists at an intercontinental meeting in order to establish where the frontiers of research on these issues are currently located, and to discuss research strategies enabling us to explain the powerful impact of Chinese-based business in Asia and globally better. This can be realized through: - a multi-disciplinary discussion involving collaboration between historians, scholars in cultural studies, and social scientists: - a truly international discussion involving scholars from different parts o f the world - not least from Asia itself. - A systematically applied compara tive approach.

Today, Chinese business operates throughout the world. It controls the economies of Taiwan, Hongkong, Singapore and Malaysia, plays a Recent years have witnessed a highly significant role in Indonesia, growing scholarly literature on the the Philippines, Thailand and Viet various overseas Chinese commu nam, and nurture the unprecedented nities which operate within different economic growth taking place in the political and social frameworks. The People’s Republic o f China. In addi academic discussion has been inten tion, it has also started to penetrate sified by the developments of eco Europe and N orth America. nomic reform in the People’s Repub The degree of Chinese economic lic of China where, in turn, the condi expansion goes far beyond anything tions for entrepreneurship are vastly that seemed plausible twenty years different. Research about Chinese ago. Constituting a challenge to poli communities in Europe and North cy-makers and business actors America has started. All this as a throughout the world, it also con whole provides a rich comparative fronts scholars in the Social Sciences material waiting to be utilized. and the Humanities with the prob The focus o f the workshop will be lem of explaining what is going on. the contemporary situation. At the One distinct feature seems to be same time, however, a broad histori that Chinese business operations are cal perspective is required in which closely interlinked across geographi the time dimension is brought in as cal boundaries and that the degree of an active component in the explana political rapprochement and eco tory undertakings. The discussions nomic intercourse between different are planned to be organized in three Chinese communities have both major panels: increased substantially during the past decade. What has been the actu - The internal structures and operations al role of business networks for the o f Chinese business communities: Chinese economic expansion? Can How and through what means are we really talk of a single Chinese Chinese entrepreneurs inter business culture, or should Chinese linked? How are entrepreneurial business cultures be approached as a groups organized? W hat is the plurality? What are the inner work relationship between business ings o f Chines businesses? How do and hierarchy? Between business we explain their competitiveness? Is and family? What are the similar it true - as some have argued - that ities and differences between for Chinese capitalism constitutes a spe mal informal patterns o f organ cial category, i.e. that commercialism ization? What is the social and and traditionalism - and even social cultural fabric o f the networks? ism - have merged into a specific How has Chinese entrepreneur Chinese style of management and

ship been socially and culturally constructed in different spatial contexts? The relations of Chinese business com munities to the surrounding o f society: What relations do different Chi nese entrepreneurs and entrepre neurial groups have to state? To the bureaucracy? To the labour force? To religious institutions? To other ethnic groups? To other busi ness communities? - Factors and conditions linking and sep arating Chinese business communities. What patterns o f business opera tions can be explained by a com mon cultural heritage? What can be explained by differing and changing political, social and eco nomic factors? What experiences do entrepreneurs in the P.R.C. and the different overseas communities have in common and what separate them? What are the present and possible future relations between business in the P.R.C. and the ‘dia spora’? What are particular local patterns o f organization? What can be generalized at an international level? The objective is that a discussion of these sets of questions will shed new light on the ‘puzzle of China’ and the ‘puzzle’ o f Chinese-led economic development in East and Southeast Asia, and also contribute to the broader issue of how the current eco nomic transformation process at a global level should be approached intellectually in an innovative way.

Research policy objectives The long-term aim is that the workshop will be followed by the formulation of an intercontinental research programme to be carried out in collaboration between research teams from Asia, Europe, The U.S. and Australia. The European part of this programme will attem pt to secure funding from the EU. It is o f strategic importance to locate the workshop in Beijing. This will contribute to making the ESF Asia-programme visible in Asia, and also demonstrate that one o f the objectives of the programme is to enhance cooperation between Euro pean scholars and colleagues in Asia, Australia, and N orth America.

Organizing Institutions Chinese Academy of Social Scienc es, Beijing & Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, in col laboration w ith the International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden, East-West Center, Honolulu and possibly a few other research cen tres. ^

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ESF 30 JULY - 7 JULY 1996 LYON, FRANCE WORKSHOP 4

Seafaring C om m u n ities in th e Indian Ocean (4th cent. B.C.-A.D. 15th cent.) U

enewed

XVinterest in the ancient his tory of the Indian Ocean AGENDA has largely fol lowed the Braudelian model, exemplified in the writings ofKAN. Chaudhuri (Asia Before Europe, Cambridge, 1990). These studies emphasize the cultural unity of the Indian Ocean that underlies economic exchanges in the region and have to some extent raised the question ofreligious underpin nings, particularly with reference to Islam. By contrast, Buddhism and Christianity have received scant attention, but these are now being actively pursued and developed by the coordinators (e.g. H.P. Ray, The Winds o f Change: Buddhism and the mar

itime links o f early South Asia, Oxford University Press, 1994). Religion, together with other cultural features such as languages are perceived in this context as identity-markers for trading networks essential to estab lishing trust between partners. A cru cial aspect of this interaction involved missionary activity and the dispersal of cultural baggage including the spread of writing, navigational skills, and techniques of architecture among others. Within this framework the analysis of literary sources becomes important for placing the archaeological data for the diffusion of material artefacts in perspective. Thus, Greek, Sanskrit, and Arab texts preserve stories of transoceanic voyages which at times appear fanciful, but which neverthe less provide data both on the stereo

NEWS

types prevalent in the region, and on attempts to comprehend ‘foreign’ customs and practices. There is no inventory of all these records of trav ellers in antiquity and though the Seminar in Lyon does not aim to make such available, it certainly hopes to open up promising ways of research which have not yet been tapped. The extent to which these accounts can be used to validate archaeological discoveries was a ques tion that was raised at the First Semi nar in Delhi by G. Ducatez and A. Rougelle with regard to Arab accounts and medieval itineraries in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. These early texts also contain lists of commodities transported between the different regions of the Indian Ocean, though precise quantification of the goods involved continues to be problematic Many of these sources, such as the papyri from Egypt or the Byzantine coins from South Asia have seldom received scholarly attention, a rare exception being the Vienna papyrus often quoted with regard to Rome's trade with the East. A theme which it is hoped can be developed in more detail at the Lyon Seminar relates to the impact of this maritime activity on the regional economies of the Indian Ocean littoral. An attempt has been made in this direction tak ing as an example the ancient econo my of tfie Deccan around the begin ning of the Christian era (H.P. Ray, Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas, Oxford University

AUTUMN 1996 UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS WORKSHOP 5

E ncom p assing k n ow led ge In d ig en o u s encyclopaedias in In d on esia in th e i7 th -2 o th C enturies W

ork of an encyclo paedic nature, often in the shape of travel accounts and handbooks, con stitutes an important genre in the written languages of Indonesia. The writings in question have never received the scholarly attention they deserve, although they are important sources for the fields of cultural and political history, anthropology, liter ary studies, religious studies, perfor mance studies, and art. - What circumstances led to the compilation of encyclopaedic texts in languages of Indonesia such as Malay, Javanese and Old Javanese (Kawij, Buginese, and Sundanese? To what extent, for instance, do they owe their origins to colonialera interactions with the West? Are the circumstances of their creation analogous to European encyclo paedias during the Enlighten ment? • IIAS

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- How can we evaluate the historio graphical and ethnographic value of the information found in such texts? - What is the relationship of these encyclopaedic stories to other gen res of Indonesian traditional liter ature? For instance, we can see how texts such as the early-19thcentury Javanese Serat Centhini accrete other pre-existing genres to themselves, and, probably in turn spawn other texts. Is the assumption correct, then, that texts like the Centhini are central to understanding early colonial Indonesia, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries? - Are these texts examples of local ‘canon-formation’? If so, what do they include and what do they leave out? For what reasons? - How can we understand the com plex religious stance of these nar ratives? Do they reflea the tradi tional Islamic knowledge of the time - canonical, legal, mystical, historical, literary - for example, as

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it flourished in Islamic student communities, or pesantrèn? Can two main streams of Islam - one orthodox, the other syncretic and mystical - be discerned in these encyclopaedias? If so, what do we learn about the development of Islam in Southeast Asia over the last three centuries? Do we find here the seeds of the distinction between orthodoxy and modern ism in 20th-century Indonesia? - What do we learn about early per forming and plastic arts, litera ture, architecture, ceremonies, social life, religion and ritual, etc.? - Are these encyclopaedic narratives, which in many versions are often explicitly erotic, key sources for deciphering the history of sexual ity and gender in Southeast Asia? What continuities or discontinu ities, then, do we find with atti tudes in modern insular Southeast Asia? - Do we find a paradox in the suppo sition that texts like the Centhini were compiled at the behest of

Press, 1986) and several speakers at the Seminar will focus on develop ments and changes in the different regions of the Indian Ocean. Although a quantitative economic history of the Indian Ocean in antiq uity cannot be supported by reliable documentation, it is expected that the aggregation of several regional approaches will help to generate an overview of the ancient economy of the Indian Ocean. The spread and assimilation of words as a result of seafaring activity in the Indian Ocean is a theme that was briefly touched upon at the earli er Seminar in Delhi, but one that needs to be researched in greater detail. What is being envisaged is not the movements of people such as for example the debates on the peopling of the islands in Polynesia or the common heritage of Malay and the Barito group of languages with Mala gasy, but the evolution of a nautical technology. P.-Y Manguin and B. Arunachalam have done some work on the terms for ‘harbour’ in the lan guages of the Indian Ocean. A related problem is the use of alien concepts and terms for maritime trade, e.g. the extent to which terms such as ‘emporion’, mentioned in the Periplus Maris Erythraei and other Greek texts provide apt descriptions of contem porary coastal sites in the region. The Seminar at Delhi provided a good example of interdisciplinary research on maritime contacts with contributions from archaeologists,

court elites, but in fact reflect more generally on the situation of rural Java beyond the courts? - How can we understand them as historiographical sources? What do we learn of pesantrèn life, or of the life of peripatetic, mendicant scholars? - Is Anderson correct in assuming that, since print capitalism arrived late in Java, there was no special prestige or political position attached to writers in this period, and that therefore myriad special ist-scholars, architects, puppet eers, musicians, dancers, actors, sculptors, smiths, painter, curers, astrologers, magicians, folk bota nists, religious teachers, common ers all-were either in service to elite nobles or ‘on the road’ ped dling their specialities on the broader social market’? - How were such texts and narra tives used? Who read them? Who wrote them or the pieces that were incorporated into them? What do they mean to later Indonesian authors and experts?

Scientific objectives To address the above topics with a view to understanding the func tion, role, purpose, present-day use of Indonesian encyclopaedias of traditional knowledge. To evaluate how such indigenous compilations are to be under stood in conjunction with or in contrast to previous historiogra phies, which tend to favour Euro pean documents and data, or to overlook complex and lengthy indigenous documents. To discuss and plan for the neces sity o f identifying, collating, and preserving original materials and

historians, and ethnographers and in an attempt to pursue this line of enquiry, the Second Seminar at Lyon plans to address the question of the seafaring capabilities of the commu nities of the region based on early European desaiptions, medieval texts, and indigenous sources. This discussion will add to the knowledge of ship-building activity in the region prior to the arrival of the Europeans and will also help resolve the issue ofan ‘unchanging’ and 'eternal’ Indian tradition of boat building and navigation that changed only after contaa with the Europeans. ^

Organizers Jean-Frangois Salles (Maison de 1’Orient Mcditerranéen); MarieFrangoise Boussac (University of Lille-III); Himanshu Prabha Ray (Jawaharla) Correspondence addresses

jean-Fran^ois Salles 7, Rue Raulin F-69007 Lyon France Tel:+33-7-2715822 Fax:+33-7-8581257 E-mail: Jean-Francois.Salles@mom.fr

Himanshu Prabha Ray Centre for Historical Studies Jawaharla! Nehru University New Delhi 110 067 India Tel:+91-11-667557 ext. 253

then producing text editions, interpretative analyses, and translations of all or part of this vast body of indigenous knowl edge. - Given the multidisciplinary expertise required to understand the material and the sheer bulk of the materials themselves, indubi tably a multi-disciplinary team of experts would need to be con vened. The workshop participants could discuss the possibilities of building such a team an how it might proceed in its work. It is hoped that the workshop will be the first step towards an interna tional collaborative research project on encyclopaedic works in Indone sian languages. This would encom pass, first, a translation into one or more European languages of impor tant representative selections of some the encyclopaedic texts, pro duced by a small team of experts (c. 5 people). This might lead in a later stage to a more ambitious attempt to publish a translation of the entire text of the largest of these w orb, the Serat Centhini. This would be essayed in conjunaion with a current attempt to publish a translation from Javanese into Indonesian that has been started by the Indonesian government pub lishing house, Balai Pustaka, work ing with Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta.

Initiators Prof B. Arps (University of Lei den); Dr M. Bonneff(Centre Nation al de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris); Dr P. Pink (Malaiologischer Apparat, Orientalisches Seminar, University of Cologne)

AAS

ESF N E W S

I 1- 14 APRIL, 1996 H ONOL UL U, HAWAI ’

END OF 1996 (2-DAYS) MÜNSTER, GERMANY WO R K S H O P 6

E-S F

A sian M inority Cultures in T ransition:

AAS to meet in H o n ululu . r

I H .V lt 3 ,t lO ïl LOT

Diversity, Identities G lobal and E ncounters P articip ation

C.With regard to the theme of Yet another objective of the semi fjlh e p ro Encounter Studies the following nar is to identify points of conver posed sem topics will be addressed: gence between the different disci inar on Asian 1. Encounter studies deal with plines of the Social Sciences and the Minority Cul interactions between minority Humanities, and between these dis tures is linked cultures, interactions with of the Social Sciences and AGENDA to a proposal on ciplines (national) mainstream cultures, the Natural Sciences such as eththe same theme and interactions within the glo nobothany, ethno-medicine or which is considered at present for bal cultural environment. What technological aspects of indigenous financing under the Training and effect do these interactions have knowledge. Mobility of Researchers programme on the sustainability of minority Finally the contributions to the ofthe European Commission. cultures and how do they affect seminar will be concerned with The objective of the Seminar is the way people construct their offering long-term perspectives on first and foremost to give direction own cultural identities? (this also the notion of cultural diversity and to the proposed European Network, refers to questions of intercultu cultural identity in different geo both in the scientific sense as well ral communication, syncretism, graphical settings in Asia. (e.g. as regards implementation. It will authenticity and hybridization) Kubu in Sumatra; Rhadé in Viet-^. be the predecessor of an European2. Throughout history Asian Minor nam; Akha in Thailand; Cham in Asian Network on Minority Cul ity Cultures have often been Laos; Miao and Manchu in China; tures. For this purpose a network of drawn into a role as buffer cul Karen in Burma). six European Institutions on Asian ture between larger cultural com Minority Cultures (Leiden, Paris, plexes. What effect have historical Themes and topics Münster, Turin, Moscow and processes of legal and institution Basically the seminar topics are Copenhagen) has been installed. al development and nation build derived from the three research The objective is to undertake a joint ing on the role of minority cul themes mentioned above (salvage research and training programme tures? (This also refers to prob studies, holistic studies, encounter dealing with perceptions of cultural lems related to property rights, studies). diversity and shifting cultural iden recognition of customary law, tities in a comparative perspective encroachment,-and resettlement) A. Within the framework of the encompassing different research 3. Which are the economic roles of theme of Salvage Studies the fol traditions in Europe and Asia. The minority cultures in the context lowing topics will be addressed: seminar will be concerned with of inter-ethnic relations? ^ x. Why and how it is that minority three major themes in this particu cultures risk becoming endan lar field of study Convenors gered under some circumstances a. Salvage studies of endangered Prof E.K.M. Masinambow (Indo and not in others? minority cultures; nesian Institute of Sciences, Jakar 2. How do people who identify with b. Holistic studies focusing on minor ta); Prof J.D.M. Platenkamp (Semi minority cultures respond to sit ity cultures as entities in their nar für Völkerkunde, Münster); Prof uations of endangerment? (revi own right; W.A.L. Stokhof(International Insti val tendencies, re-inventions of c Encounter studies dealing with pro tute for Asian Studies, Leiden) traditions, cultural retreatment) cesses of intercultural communi 3. The representatives of the per cation, acculturation and shifting O rganizing Institution ceptions of people on the constit cultural identities. Seminar für Völkerkunde, uent elements of their own cul The research topics which may be Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, ture. (particularly in relation to considered as the most relevant and Münster, Germany very small groups) urgent needing to be dealt with by this network will be discussed dur B. Under the theme o f Holistic ing the seminar on the basis o f the Studies the following topics will Network Proposal which has been be addressed: submitted to the European Com 1. Holistic studies are the trade mission. mark of anthropology, but there The seminar is a first step in a are sound reasons to doubt the long overdue effort to bring togeth supposed boundedness of minor er the different research traditions ity cultures. Are minority cul in this field of study which almost tures to be studied as bounded without exception have been creat units or should they be seen as ed in the context of specific colonial outcomes of cultural interrela experiences. tionships and historical process In this respect the seminar (and es? the research programme envisaged 2. How can different degrees of cul in the Network Proposal) can be tural integration and wholeness, seen as a milestone in the historical be defined? This topic also refers process of European-Asian cultural to the notion that Asian cultures interaction. Moreover, the partici especially do not make the dis pation of a considerable number of tinction between subject and Asian, North American, and Austra object and hence have specific lian experts is expected to provide perceptions of individuality and an extra stimulus to the endeavour collectivity. to break down disparities in theory 3. To what extent and how are cos and approach. The contribution of mological notions related to pat Asian experts especially represents terns of interaction with natural an institution involved in this field environments? of studies. rj

NEWS

The 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies will be held in Honolulu, in April. It is the first time the AAS has met outside continental North America. Our goal is internationalization, to broaden the scope of our association beyond its predominantly Amer ican base. This meeting is particulary aimed at expanding the inter action between American and Asian Asianists, but Europeans are more than welcome. By J o h n C a m p b e l l

INSTITUpTIO NAL H H É ^ É &

J J

1 W 4 J U U lH U llk l

he latest JL news is

that the effort

t0 brin8 more scholars from Asia seems to have succeed ed. The Program Committee (which met in September) received far more proposals for panels than ever before, and a remarkable number included non-American partici pants. In response to all this demand, we have managed to increase the number of panels from the usual 170 to over 200. There will also be quite a few individual papers and - innovation at the 1995 meet ing in Washington - presentations through a poster and discussion. That is the formal programme, which has already been decided. Each meeting has dozens of less for mal sessions sponsored by various affiliated groups, many of which are panels or roundtable discussions every bit as substantial as the for mal sessions that go through the program committee. These are more flexible. At this meeting for the first time names of presenters and their paper titles will be listed in the printed ‘supplementary program’ distributed at the meeting. (Euro pean scholars who would like to be put in touch with a group in their speciality should send me a note with particulars, at the addresses below or via email to jccamp@umich.edu). We also expect to have a reading and discussion with Vikram Seth (appearing as our Fulbright 50th Anniversary Distin guished Fellow), more than 100 booths in the exhibit hall, two rooms with continuous video shows on Asian topics, and a special Asian Arts Festival sponsored by the EastWets Center and the University of Hawai’i (details below). The meeting will be held at the Hilton Hawaiian Village, from Thursday evening to Sunday noon, April 11-14,1996. You can register in advance (less expensive) by writing to us: the cost is $50 US for mem bers, $75 for nonmembers ($20 and $40 respectively for students). The charge included a copy of the Pro gram, that will be sent before the meeting, and also of the Abstracts of nearly all the papers presented that

can be picked up on arrival. Hotel reservations can be send directly to the hotel (2005 Kalia Road, Honolu lu, HI 96815). The rate for a single or double is $149.00 a night; one or two additional occupants $25 each. We are convinced that this Annual Meeting will be an event in its own right, and an unusual opportunity to meet Asianists from all over the world. For more information, write, fax or e-mail to AAS headquarters (Lane Hall, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1290; 313 6653801; postmaster@AAsianSt.org). Better yet, for news of the meeting (including word on alternative accommodations and so forth) and much else in Asian studies, you could subscribe to the AAS Newslet ter: five copies a year for $25 plus an optional $11 for airmail to Europe. Or become a member (rates on request).

Asian Arts Festival The East-West Center and the University of Hawai’i will present an Asian Arts Festival from 5 to 9 pm, Saturday, April 13,1996. The evening will feature a sampling of traditional music and dance of Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines, and exhibi tions of Asian art. Concurrently, the Center and University will sponsor an informal street fair highlighting more popular forms of entertain ment, such as Chinese acrobats and the traditional Hawaiian hula. A reception will be held for AAS members throughout the evening. Registration for this evening of spe cial performances includes roundtrip bus transportation from the Hilton to the campus, and entrance to those performances with limited seating, at a cost of only $3. Advance registration is required.

The AAS on World Wide Web The AAS has now a WWW site, through the kind assistance of the Center for Asian Studies at Indiana University. It includes the text of recent AAS Newsletters, our publica tions catalogue, abstracts of virtually all the papers at the 1995 Annual Meeting (before long for the 1996 Meeting as well), and up-to-date job listings. Tune in at http://www.ease.indiana.edu/AAS. The AAS staff may be reached on-line at postmaster@AAsianSt.org. ^

Autumn 1995 •

has N E W S L E T T E R N ?6 •

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T h e G a t e F o u n d a t i o n is an i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r t fo u n d a tio n d e v o t e d to p ro m o tin g intercultural exch ange o f c o n t e m p o r a r y art. The G a t e F ou n d a tio n aims to s t i m u l a t e knowledge and understanding of

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con te m p o ra ry art and artists, emphasizing

The Peaceful Liberators

Jain Artfrom Deputy Curator o f the Indian & Southeast Asian Collection o f the Victoria & Albert Museum in London (also co-curator o f the exhibition and co-author o f the catalogue)

India •he exhibi tion presents before Western audi ences the remarkable artistic achieve ment ofjainism and its contribution to world religion. The principal themes which found expression in the art ofjainism are presented, not ably the role of the Jina image, the significance of the deities, the ritual and narrative role of the illustrated text, and the Jain cosmology as seen through cosmological paintings. The place of pilgrimage in the Jain tradi tion is illustrated through monu mental pilgrimage paintings. There is much in the historical development of Jain art which has parallels in the religious art of both Hinduism and Buddhism, but there are other aspects, particularly in rela tion to the role of the image in wor ship, which diverge fundamentally from the other traditional Indian religions. In the exhibition, stress is placed on the unique contribution of Jainism to the Indian religious and artistic tradition.

Jainism

Fig.z: T h e jin a depictedas a m agical diagram o f a perfected being

• IIAS n e w s l e t t e r N?6 • Autumn 1995

PO Box 814 xooo AVAmsterdam the Netherlands Fax: +31-20-6390762

23 NOVEMBER, 1995 - 18 FEBRUARY, 1996 VICTORIA & ALBERT MUSEUM, LONDON

By John Guy

1016 cg Amsterdam

Tel: +31-20-620 80 57

non -W estern and migrant cultures.

On November 23 a major international exhibition devoted to the arts o f Jainism opens at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. The exhibition has been organized in co-operation with the Los Angeles County Museum o f Art and is having its only European showing in London. The Peaceful Liberators is the largest collection o f Jain art ever assembled for public exhibition and is being seen as a major initiative to promote international awareness o f the Jain religion and its contribution to Indian art. The exhibition draws on public and private collections in India, Europe, and the USA. The largest lender is the Government o f India, whose loans were coordinated by the Prince o f Wales Museum, Bombay. The Victoria & Albert Museum and the British Museum in London are the major European lenders, together with Los Angeles County Museum o f Art in the USA.

Herengracht 344

Jainism grew out of the teachings of a series of historical teachers who became ‘enlightened’ and hence lib erated beings, the most recent being Mahavira (c. 599-527 BC], the 24th Jina, a near contemporary of the Bud dha Sakyamuni. The historicity of Mahavira's immediate predecessor, Parsvanatha, is widely accepted, and he is believed to have lived in the

7th-6th century BC. The existence of the preceding 22jinas remains beyond historical verification but is embedded in the Jain pantheon, together forming the 24 Jinas of this particular age. At the heart ofjain teachings is the committment to non-violence (ahminsa] to all living creatures, including insect and plant life. A natural consequence of this philoso phy is strict vegetarianism and a ten dency to go into occupations which do not interfere with nature, such as trade, commerce, and banking. This commitment to living in har mony with nature is witnessed in a 15th century Jain Yatra painting in which the artist is celebrating nature in all its forms. The life of the Jain laity is guided by what is known as The Three Jew els: right knowledge; right faith; and right conduct. Meritorious ‘right’ conduct include the ‘giving away’ of a part of one’s wealth, in keeping with the other key principle ofjain ism, aparigraha or non-possession. This principle guides the life and behaviour of the laity, and is a strict principle of those who choose the ascetic path of renunciation in their quest to become ajina. This philantrophy can take many forms, and some are prescribed: these include endowing the making of images; erecting and supporting the renovation of temples; and commis sioning of holy books. Over the cen turies this has led to a large and sus tained production ofjain religious art, a rich selection of which is pre sented in this exhibition. What is

perhaps most remarkable about this exhibition is the variety of regional styles and iconographic diversity to be seen, when associated with a religion that is popularly seen as only having 24 largely indistinguish able tirthankara images (Fig. 1). Early Jain theologians certainly opposed the worship of images and in all probability it was pressure from lay followers who generated the demand and pressure for actual images to assist in meditation and worship, or, more accurately in the Jain context, to serve as a ‘model’ of behaviour for those venturing along the moksha marg, the path to enlightment.

T h e j i n a image The creation o f the Jina image is among the earliest recorded figura tive representations in Indian art. Inscriptional references from the 3rd century BC record the worship of Jina images. Archaeological evidence makes it clear that images were in demand from an early period: cer tainly image worship was well estab lished in the Kushan period (ist-3rd century AD], Inscriptions from this period record that monks were encouraging members of the laity to commission images of the Jinas, pos sibly following the Buddhist practice of performing meritorious acts. Inscribed sculptures survive from both Mathura and Allichatra record ing this patronage, much of which was undertaken by female laity and nuns. For example, an inscribed 2nd century Jina image in the exhibition was commissioned by a female lay devotee named Datta on the advice of her teacher and installed in AD 157 at the Vodva stupa, Kankali Tila, Mathura. An early text the Padmacarita of AD 473 extols the merits of buildingJina-bhavanas (image hous es] and installing images of Jina, though this practice was not univer sally welcomed by all early Jain teachers. These dissenting voices were trou bled by the inherent contradiction between image worship and Jain orthodox teachings: thejina is a lib erated soul, freed of its material body and resides in the celestial abode, represented as the heavenly assembly hall (samavasarana]. As such the Jina is no longer of this world and is inca pable of being represented. It could be argued that the truest representa tion of a Jina is the representation as a silhouette out-out, a positive void. It is a magical diagramyantra of a perfected being or siddha (Fig. 2]. Despite this professed ‘emptiness’ of images of the Jina, they nonethe less are designed following strict iconographic (i.e. symbolic] and iconometric systems. The latter system prescribes the measurements and proportions of images. It is the stria observance of these conventions, laid

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associated with averting calamities and ensuring calm in the world - as his name suggests: santi = ‘peace’, natha = ‘lord’. Only two Jinas are physically dis tinguishable from the other 22 with out the aid of their cognazant marks, namely Rishabbanatha, the first Jina, recognizable by his uncut hair, and Parsvanatha, the 23rd tirtankara, always represented with a cobra can-

°py. Jainism has a second theological difficulty with image worship. The Jinas were intended to serve as reminders to the faithful of the pos sibility of liberation; i.e., they served as role models for both the Jain laity, guiding their ethical code of living, and for the aspirant Jina, providing inspiration and a reminder that spir itual liberation is an attainable goal. As a detached soul, removed from this world, the Jina is incapable of responding to a devotee’s prayers or requests. This inability to be inter ventionist, to respond to the prayers and offerings from the faithful, sets Jina images apart from both all Hindu and most Buddhist deities, who can be called upon to ritually correct approaches by a devotee.

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The interventionist role of sub sidiary deities in Jainism is well illustrated by the goddess Ambika, the yakshi of the Jina Neminatha (Fig. 3). An evocation to Ambika makes clear the protective role of the godess: ‘May Ambika, of golden complex ion/ riding on a lion and accompanied by her sons ... / protect the Jaina sangha from obstacles' These benevolent deities had assumed an important position in the Jain cosmology, fulfilling a strong social need which was beyond the gift of the Jinas. In this their role differed fundamentally from that of the Jina images.

were the origin of many later cos mological depictions, including the highly schematic rendering of the Jain celestial realm, samavarana to be found in many of the sculptures and paintings in the exhibition. The codes of behaviour laid down for Jain laity, monks, and nuns fea ture as the subjects for many of the illustrated manuscripts in the exhi bition, most notably from Kalpasutra and Uttaradhyayanasutra manu scripts (Fig. 4) The 121 examples of Jain art in the exhibition are fully illustrated and described in the catalogue: P. Pal (editor) The Peaceful Liberators:Jain Artfrom India, distributed in hard back edition by Thames & Hudson. A paperback edition will be available at the exhibition.-^

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For any religion to fulfil the emo tional needs of its followers as a popular religion, an element of divine intercession seems a neces sary ingredient. Jainism got around this difficulty by granting various subordinate deities, nature-spirits especially (eg. yakshas and yakshis), the power to grant boons and favours to the faithful. Yakshas and yakshis are typically depicted in composite images as subordinate figures, smaller in scale, attending the Jina. Their rise to the status of semi-autonomous deities, repre sented as independent images, was probably linked to this role as spiri tual benefactors.

F 15.3: The^odess Ambika, theyakshi down in sastras (technical manuals) o/theJinaNeminatha, which account for the remarkable Victoria & Albert Museum degree of uniformity in Jain images. It is prescribed in Hindu silpasasrras that an image (painted or sculptured, dtra or murti) must have an inner life force, prana. Although not required theologically, Jain images often display this quality of inner breath or life. The strict rules of measurement and proportion are clearly illustrated by the 12th C. seated Santinatha from the V&A (Fig. 1). This remark able large-scale, solid-cast image depicts the 16th Jina enthroned on a jewelled cushion and surrounded by celestial attendants. He sits in a yogic meditation posture, with his hands gently resting, one on the other. Iconometric drawings used by art ists in the preparation of Jina images reveal the standardization of the meditating Jina. Identification of a particular Jina is only made through the cognizant mark usually depicted on the base of the image. The stan dardization of Jina images is such that most Jinas cannot otherwise be distinguished. Although all Jinas are of equal standing in Jainism, it is clear from the ratio of extant images of differ ent Jinas that some attracted greater devotion than others. Santinatha is an obvious example, much venerated Ifk i both by monks (as the preserver of . ï£ W * * Jainism at a time when it was in dan *-------~ • m ger of extinction) and by the laity who turn to him as the Jina most

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It is clear that the minority relig ions such as Jainism and Buddhism were unable to ignore the deeprooted popularity of certain folk deities. This pattern of borrowing of deities from one religion to another, followed by their gradual assimila tion, is very charactiristic of the early centuries AD. Either through a conscious obliteration or simply loss from folk memory, the com mon ancestory of many rival deities was in time no longer acknowl edged. Other borrowings from the Brahmanical pantheon illustrate the Pan-Indian nature of early relig ious imagery in India, with deities being appropriated from rival faiths. The very popular sarawati, Goddess of Knowledge and Learn ing, a much beloved godess wor shipped by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains alike.

Fig.4: Detail of the U ttatadhyayanasutra manuscripts. Victoria & Albert Museum

Symposium To mark the opening of the exhi bition, the Victoria & Albert Museum has organized the Interna tional Symposiumjainism religion, Ritual and Art, 24-25 November. Keynote address is by Professor Padmanabh Jaini, University of California, Berkeley, and speakers include Dr Pratapditya Pal, Profes sor Paul Dundas, and Dr John Cort.

Sacred diagram s There is another aspect of Jain rit ual practice which was of great importance from at least the early centuries AD. This relates to the use of mantras and other sacred dia grams. This practice finds its earliest recorded expression in Jain art in the ayaga-pata stone of the early Kushan period (ist-3rd century AD). It is apparent that these ritual diagrams

For a detailed programme

V&A ed u cation

Tel:+44-171-9388638

Fifl.i: 12th century seated Santinatha.

For credit card enrolment!bookings

Victoria & Albert Museum

Tel:+44-171-9388407.

Autumn 1995

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Victoria and Albert M useum

The

Far Eastern

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interven ing years the collections have grown and developed, but the m useum still adheres to strong educational principles. Today its large and uniquely varied displays are housed in a vast, labyrinthine building th at covers 12 acres o f land in London. From the beginning, Chinese and Japanese objects played a part in the m useum ’s collecting policy. Among the first items to be purchased in 1852 were lacquer, porcelain, and copper pieces decorated in coloured enamels. Many o f these early acqui sitions were contemporary and were regarded as a part o f an integrated collection o f ornamental art with no special emphasis laid on their East Asian origins. In contrast, the first Korean acquisition was not made till 1878. More Korean ceramics, textiles, and metalwork followed in 1888 and in the early 1900s, from collections accumulated by diplomats and mis sionaries resident in Korea in the late 19th and very early 20th centu ries. After those early years, knowl edge of Korean material culture was limited in the West. Some of the great treasures of Korean art were not recognized as such; when the bronze bottle inlaid w ith silver wire Jr] was presented to the M useum by the daughter o f an American collec tor in 1926, it was thought to be Chi nese. It is unlikely that any collector today would be unaware th at the distinctive waterfowl and willow m o tif indicates that the bottle was made in Korea during the twelfth or thirteenth centuries.

Collection The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was founded using the proceeds o f the Great Exhibition of 1851. That first great international exhibition of modern manufacture and design drew participants from around the world and made a profit of £ 186,000. This (for the time) enormous sum was enough to found a museum whose aims were threefold: to influence the standards of design in British manufacturing; to display works of art to the general public; and to educate public taste.

Art opened in 1986, the Chinese Export Gallery (funded by Gerald Godfrey) in 1987, the T.T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese Art in 1991, and the Samsung Gallery of Korean Art in 1992. As well as new layouts and lighting the new galleries incorporate interactive video displays, objects to touch, and bilingual label ling and signage in English and Chi nese. Gallery displays are supported by vigorous educational programmes that serve both Eastern and Western audiences. For example, special educa tional activities drew nearly 14,000 children and students into the Chi nese gallery in 1994-1995, while inter active, learning events for Cantonese and Mandarin speakers have attracted new audiences.

By R o s e K e r r

Each new gallery is supported by a full-colour book; 'Japanese Art and Design’; ‘Chinese Art and Design’; ‘Chinese Export Art and Design’; and ‘Korean Art and Design’ are in print. Far Eastern Collection staff are engaged in a continuing programme to publish books and articles that explain the Museum’s collections to a wider public. So far, books have been issued on: Chinese ceramics, dress, furniture, bronzes, snuff bottles, export watercolours, and papercuts; Japanese prints, netsuke, and contem porary crafts. In press are publications devoted to Chinese titles, Japanese carvings, Japanese dress, and Korean decorative arts of the nineteenth cen tury. For specialists and scholars, the V&A has five further study galleries on the first and second floors that show ceramics, textiles, dress, jade, sculp ture, carvings in many media, and snuffbottles. In all, more than six thousand East Asian items are on dis play at any one time.-^

Curator for the Far Eastern Collection o f the Victoria & Albert M useum in London

'•Z3BE. . F igure 2: Northern Son,g Ru ware m ade fo r the Im p eria l Court. C hina, c. 1090-1127

Figure 2: Bronze bottle inlaid with silver wire. Korea. C. 1 1 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 . Victoria and Albert M useum

Since 1852 the V&A has built up its Chinese, Japanese, and Korean collec tions through purchases, gifts, and bequests. Today it owns a priceless collection of works of art including sculpture, ceramics, furniture, tex tiles, paintings, metalwork, lacquerware, and carvings in many media from jade to bamboo. Shown here (2) is one of the rarest pieces from the V&A’s holdings of Chinese ceramics, which are extensive and of very high quality. It is an example of Northern SongRu ware, made for the imperial court between about 1090 and 1127; less than 100 examples ofRu ware exist worldwide. This beautiful cup stand bears a carved inscription inside the foot Shou Cheng Dian ‘Hall of Lon gevity Attained', which is the name of a hall in the Northern Song imperial palace, probably named by the Emper or Huizong (reigned 1101-1126).

C ontem porary arts and craft In addition to the acquisition o f the historic material, and following principles laid down by the

IIAS n e w s l e t t e r N S 6 • Autumn 1995

m useum ’s founders, efforts are also made to collect good contemporary examples o f art and craft. This sum mer, the V&A held an exhibition entiteled ‘Japanese Studio Crafts: Tradition and the Avant-Garde’ (25 May-3 September, 1995). The works shown dated largely from the 1970s onwards, and more than two-thirds o f the exhibits now belong to the Museum. This is because since the mid 1980s research and funds have been concentrated on a steady pur chase o f contemporary artworks in many media. Acquiring contempo rary pieces means th at a great deal o f documentary information con cerning technique, maker, place of manufacture etc. can also be amassed. The dry lacquer work illustrated here (3) is by Kurimoto Natsuki (born 1961), a young Kyotobased artist who, in the late 1980s, established an im portant reputa tion for strongly-coloured mixed media works based around largescale dry lacquer forms. This exam ple was made by the dry lacquer

technique using polystyrene for the inner core. Its title ‘A Priest’s Crown’ is indicative ofKurim oto’s interest in ritual and religion.

The Far Eastern galleries The museum’s first permanent dis play of East Asian art was in the ‘Chi nese court’ (gallery dedicated to Chi nese art) designed in 1863. Other Chi nese, Japanese and Korean artefacts were shown according to media in several locations around the building. Finally in the late 1940s plans to open a ‘Far Eastern Gallery’ containing art works from China, Japan, and Korea on the ground floor were approved. This gallery was modified several times and is now the site of the T.T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese Art. From the mid 1980s, space allocated to the East Asian collections has grown, and exhibits are now housed in a series of newly-refurbished galleries on the ground floor. Their innovative dis plays were all accomplished with the aid of private and corporate sponsor ship; the Toshiba Gallery of Japanese

Figure 3: Kurimoto Natsuki (1961). A P riest’s Crown. D ry lacquer technique with polystyrene. 1980s

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CULTURE organic forms on a human scale. She uses her material in a craft-like man ner, very direct and without any pre liminary drawings. She refers to the magical Nagas and Bhutas, traditional sculptural images, to reflect her interest in the unison of the permanent and the transitory. Mukherjee is also interested in materials other than vegetable fibres, for instance clay, and she is looking forward to working in ceramics for the project.

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Berend Strik: Mona Lisa is fixed. She w on’t get a date to n ig ht (collate).

ih e fruit of the project will be an exhi bition from December 9 1995 - January 1996 in The National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi and in the Stedelijk Museum Bureau, Amsterdam (April-May 1996). Afterwards the exhibition will travel to several other venues in Europe. Rob Birza, Bastiënne Kramer, and Berend Strik from The Netherlands will work together with Bhupen Khakhar, Mrinalini Mukherjee, and Sudarshan Shetty from India, all renowned artists in their respective art circuits. The intention is to intensify the discussion and mutual exchange process that started a few years ago between Dutch and Indian artists on the initiative of the Foundation for Indian Artists. In this project the artists can feel, identify, and reflect on the local as well as the global cultural aspect in art practice and theory. They are able to visit each other’s countries and exhibit their work abroad.

Hybrid vocabularies Art is less than ever before tied to time and place. There is no longer an ironclad link between representa tion and conventional vocabularies. Hybrid and ambiguous vocabularies are being introduced. Cultures are torn apart and identities lost. Artists

look towards the world beyond in the hope that interaction with other cultures may spawn fresh vitality. Against this background a project such as this, in which Indian and Dutch artists work together over a period of time, becomes an exiting venture.

Dutch Artists The point of departure for the Dutch artists is a fascination with Indian culture that surpasses mere interest. They are looking for a seri ous confrontation and wish to coun terbalance the superficial MTV-culture that splices disparate elements in an eclectic manner to evoke cliche imagery. They seek a confrontation with contrast, boundaries, frames of references, and partitions within the fluid cultural space in which they live. This deliberate quest for aliena tion in order to recreate oneself and one’s work afresh is a risky enter prise but at the same time can signal fresh commitment. What interests Rob Birza is India s elusiveness, the multi-layered

nature that one encounters on all levels of Indian culture. Nothing is what it seems, the meaning of things is forever shifting. Bastiënne Kramer clearly senses the presence of India’s tradition, its past and its religion in Indian art, sometimes in ways that are difficult for her to imagine. Berend Strik feels that he should stay close to himself in order to transcend the cultural differences that strike him. In this respect the idea of working in India is both appealing and disturbing to them. One way for the artists to draw closer to Indian culture is to use typ ical Indian techniques and materials and incorporate them into their own work. Kramer goes a step further in this regard, because she is interested in techniques which ended up in India under influence from the West and are applied there in a characteristic manner. In this connection she in thinking of making use of plastic blowing and metal casting. All three artists are interested in the figurative aspect, which is an important factor in Indian art. In

Sudarshan Shetty in fr o n t o f the café he designed in New Delhi.

Bhupen Khakhar is a painter, but he also worked in clay during a pro ject last year at the European Ceram ics Work Centre in the Netherlands. He is elaborating this technique in India. He can transform his brilliant sense of colour in a technique called Majolica glazing. Khakhar’s subject are drawn from daily life, which he blends with stories of the gods and old myths. His work contains a high ly personal commentary of the soci ety in which he lives. He expresses himself not only in the visual arts but he is also a writer. During his study as a painter, Sudarshan Shetty became more interested in sculpture and installa tions. Now he combines all three techniques in a serious but often playfrd way. His paintings are often elaborated with sculpture and his sculptures have picturesque qual ities. He created a fairy-like environ ment with sculptures, paintings and installations in a cafe in a big hotel in New Delhi. Bastiënne Kramer: Art Police Mukherjee, Khakhar, and Shetty (6figures], ceramic, wood metal and have been to Europe before and are ceramic cement. familiar with Western topics in art. They are not very restricted to the materials they use and are willing to Kramer’s work figuration is experiment, as their Dutch col employed to a special end, for exam leagues are. Through the confronta ple through references to reality tion between different cultures and with an aim toward confrontation. the solutions of their artistic probOften this figuration is attended by lems, inquisitiveness on both sides much more abstract aspects of her can be stimulated. The exhibitions in work. In general she makes use of New Delhi and Amsterdam and vari objects taken from daily life. ous places in Europe will be the testi Rob Birza is particularly interest mony to their working together. ^ ed in old techniques in part because these technique are used in making images of the gods. The examples that spring to mind are made of straw and cow dung. The role which figuration plays in this, interests him because it seems a natural blend of abstract and figurative images. They are nearly cartoon-like For furher information figures. The use of colour also plays Eis R eynders, P roject M anager a role. To him colour is so intensely Foundation for Indian Artists present in India that he feels it may Tel:+31-20-6231547 well generate fresh sensibilities. Berend Strik too wants to use T h e N ation al G allery o f M odern A rt Indian techniques - namely the spe Jaipur House cifically Indian embroidery tech India Gate niques. Strik embroiders over exist New Delhi ing images in this project derived India from the Indian vocabulary. The lit Tel: +91-1 1-382835 eral image is not important. T h e Sted elijk M useum Bureau

Indian artists The confrontation with the Indian artists will be interesting. One of the artists, Mrinalini Mukherjee, usually works with sisal and hemp to make

Rozenstraat 59 1016 NN Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel:+31-20-4220471

Aut umn 1995 •

i i as n e w s l e t t e r

Ts[?6 • 6 j

ASIAN 30 NOVEMBER - 10 DECEMBER 1995 THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS

Festival In d ië/In d o n esia

CULTURE

Fukuoka Asian C ultural Prize for Artist:

XT am June

Paik studied music aesthetics at the School o f Aesthetics and Art History, Faculty of Letters, the University of Tokyo. After graduation, he went to Germany to study contemporary Wajang Revolusi. Photo: Elsje Plantema / M useum for Ethnology Rotterdam music. While in Germany, he met the avant-garde composer John Cage who exerted a powerful impact From November 30th until December 10th 1995 the Festival upon Mr. Paik. In 1959, he shocked Indië/Indonesia will take place in The Hague, the Netherlands. the audience by destroying a piano. The festival is organized by Ton van de Langkruis and Reggie Baay. After this performance, he joined Dance demonstrations, theatre productions, concerts, films, lectures, the Dutch avant-garde artist group and seminars will be presented in many Hague theatres. Fluxus and continued to carry out a number of performances with the T l h e theme The Korzo theatre illustrates how objective of destroying existing art. X of the fes Indonesian instruments and musi Having discovered diverse possibil tival is twofold. cal ideas have been incorporated in ities in television as a new media, On the one the Dutch music and how Indone Mr. Paik held his first-ever solo hand the vision sian composers use Western aspects exhibition in 1963, using 13 TV sets of Dutch and in their traditional music. and carrying out video experiments Indonesian art with magnets. This innovation later ists on the history of decolonization Poetry and Literature became the prototype of video art. is presented, on the other hand the Poetry International is organizing In the following year, Mr. Paik organizers of the festival would like a poetry-workshop in cooperation moved to New York, and with to illustrate the connection between with poets from Flanders, the Neth another member of Fluxus and cel Dutch and Indonesian art forms, erlands, and Indonesia, including list Charlotte Moorman, continued especially in music, dance, and visu Rendra, Remco Campert, Sitok Srento conduct numerous surprising al art. genge, Dorothea, Herman de performances, using a cello and TV A play about Soekarno, written by Coninck, and Toety Heraty. sets in many parts of the world for Jan Blokker, will open the festival, The literary activities comprise the next twenty years or so. During and, among other pieces, a play discussions with Rudy Kousbroek, those years Mr. Paik gradually about the proclamation of the Adraan van Dis, Hella Haasse, Mar established his reputation and stat Republic of the South Moluccas will ion Bloem, F. Springer, and Ian us as a visual artist. Furthermore, be performed. Buruma about the history of the he has released unique visual art During the festival a reconstruc former Netherlands Indies. Indone works with dazzling colours and tion of a wayang performance about sian writers will also be present to forms one after another, fully uti the history of Indonesia, which recite their work. lizing his new video apparatus travelled through Java in the wake ‘Paik/Abe Video Synthesizer' which of 1945, will be presented. The play During a seminar the topic of he developed with the help of a Jap is produced by the musicologist decolonization will be discussed by anese engineer, Shuja Abe. In the Elsje Plantema in co-operation with among other participants Professor early 1980s, he was at last recog Blacius Subono, Dalang S. Kar, the A. Teeuw and antropologist Huub nized as the world's leading artist in ensemble Widosari, and the de Jonge, writer/journalist Gunawthe field. Through his creative Museum of Ethnology in Rotter an Mohamad and poet/philosopher activities, Mr. Paik has created an dam. Toeti Heraty. The seminar will be unparalleled visual world that is Furthermore, Sang Proworo, a organized by the magazine ‘Indi different from both photography ‘sendratari’ (a dance performance, sche letteren’ and the chairman is and film and has laid the founda which tells a story) from YogyakarDr Gerard Termorshuizen.-^ tion of video art as a new expressive ta, will show the role of Sultan area of art. Mr. Paik is now called Hamengku Buwono IX in the strug the ‘Father of Video Art'. Ever since, gle for Independance. he has been unfolding successive Dutch and Indonesian films on new art scenes by planning innova the decolonization will also be tive art works such as video sculp shown. ture, video installation, and satellite For further information (application form etc.) art. Satellite art links the world by Music and Dance please contact communication satellite. At The Indonesian choreographer Ton van de Langkruis present, he continues to stand in Glenn van der Hoff questions the Festival Indië/lndonesië the forefront of visual art.-^ significance of a people who do not Korte Voorhout 3 belong in either country in the pre 2 5 1I CW Den Haag miere of the Djazzex Modern Jazz The Netherlands The More the Better (1988). Dance company. e-mail: tvdl@bart.nl. The Watari M useum o f Contemporary Art

Internet: www.bart.nl/-tvdl. •

has

NEWSLETTER

N S 6 • Autumn 1995

Nam June Paik

The City o f Fukuoka established the Fukuoka Asian Cultural Prizes in 1990 and the awards are given every year to those who have made significant contributions to the enhancement and promotion o f the science, art, and culture o f Asia. The Arts and Cultural Prize this year went to American Nam June Paik (Seoul, 1932).

»«ril Pi* *ü| V-yramid (1982). The Watari M useum o f Contemporary Art

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ASIAN

CULTURE

Cologne, Germany

R eop en in g o f th e M u seu m o f East A sian Art On 15 September 1995, the Museum o f East Asian Art in Cologne will be reopened after a conversion and extension phase that lasted nearly three years.

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Rocks, Bamboo an d Daffodils by Cao Erdian. Fan, ink ongoldleaf paper. China, 2nd hal/Q jn^ Dynasty (17th centuty). Museum o f East asian Art, Cologne.

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P T lh e Cologne JL Museum is Germany’s old est special museum for the art of China, Korea, and Japan. The foundation was laid by Adolf and Frieda Fischer with their own private collection. The Cologne Museum of East Asian Art was opened in the year 1913. The architect in charge of construction was Franz Brantzky.

The first Museum building was destroyed in World War II, and it was not until 1977 that the new building, based on the plans of the Japanese architect Kunio Maekawa (1906-1986), was ready for occupation. The building fits harmoniously into a landscape of scattered tree groups and hilly mead ows. All recent extension and conver sion work, necessary because of the continuing growth of the collection, was focused on efforts to retain the original architectural design by Mae kawa as authentically as possible.

DECEMBER 16 1995 - MAY 19 1996 MUSEUM FOR ETHNOLOGY ROTTERDAM. THE NETHERLANDS

Pow er and G old Among the island cultures o f Southeast Asia, jewellery is not simply a matter o f personal adornment but a major symbol o f power. Some ornaments are ritual objects that were thought to contain supernatu ral power and link village life with the cosmic order. Others, symbol izing the wearer’s place in the world, represent political power, rank, kin relationships, or marriage alliance. Gold jewellery was especially powerful, for that metal was a sign o f supernatural forces and noble birth. This exhibition features jewellery from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines from the collection o f the Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva. T n talking JL about the jewellery, local people speak of 'adat’ an Indo nesian concept meaning ‘vil lage custom ’, as well as proper con duct, the moral life, mythological truth, and ritual tradition. The ornam ents often compress much symbolic meaning into their shapes and uses. For example, marriages in many Indonesian villages are accompanied by an exchange of gifts between the families o f the

bride and groom; gold and silver ornaments, associated w ith mascu linity, and textiles and beadwork, crafts th at are considered women’s work. The different gifts symboli cally complete each other and ensure the prosperity and fertility of the marriage. The ornam ents, gold or silver, made of forest products or m anu factured goods, have different meanings according to local tradi tions in the various cultures of the different parts o f Indonesia, Malay sia, and the Philippines. Martial prowess or aristocratic power, but

In order to create an organic link between the old and the new exhibi tion rooms, the new galleries are situ ated around the Japanese landscape garden designed by Masayuki Nagare (born 1923) and conveys to visitors an idea of the Japanese approach to land scape and space. While the original rooms, which have artificial light, show paintings and sculptures, Japa nese screen paintings, and woodblock prints, the new daylight-flooded rooms present bronze, jade, ceramic, porce lain, lacquer and cloisonne works as

well as classical Chinese furniture. The collections cover all branches of the art of China, Korea, and Japan, with focuses on Chinese ritual bronzes of the 16th to the n t h century BC, ceram ics, and on Japanese Buddhist wooden sculpture and painting of the 9th to the 18th centuries. Other focuses are on Korean ceramics of the Koryö dynasty, 10th to 14th centuries, lacquer ware and Japanese screens. The displays are changed several rimes a year, and special exhibitions highlight specific features.-^

M useum of E ast A sian A r t Universitatsstr 100 50674 Köln Germany Tel:+49-221-9405180 Fax:+49-221-407290 Tuesday to Friday: 10.00-16.00 hrs Saturday, Sunday: 11.00-16.00 hrs Closed on Monday

also prestige through images o f wealth, fierceness, sexual potency, and invulnerability to attack are symbolized in the various objects.

Echoes o f the Creation In pre-modern island Southeast Asia, acts o f creation - such as metal working, weaving, ivory carving, and housebuilding - were seen as echoes of the creation of the universe, to be carried out with care and ritual pre cautions. Gold was treated with par ticular respect, due to its associations with power, the supernatural, pros perity, aristocracy, and the creation o f the world. Almost all Indonesian jewellery carries many layers ofsymbolism. Arisocrats’ regalia symbolizes noble status and the realm o f the supernat ural. Other types ofjewellery repre sent family values, clan descent, gen der, and marriage alliance. Heirloom jewellery builds up meaning as it is passed from genera tion to generation. In some highland societies in Southeast Asia the styles o f dress and decoration were not simply orna mental but served to proclaim the wearer’s station in life - social class, marital status, and ethnic identity. O f the hundreds of ethnic groups in these islands, the exhibition in the Museum for Ethnology Rotterdam

focuses on less-known cultures beyond Java and Bali: highland soci eties in Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Northern Luzon; inland cultures like the Dayak of Kalimantan; and the peoples o f Eastern Indonesia and the Moluccas. With few exceptions the objects on display date from the late 1700s and the 1800s, a time when vil lage traditions were still vigorous. This collection o f ritual ornaments, aristocrats’ regalia, and house treas ures - all from the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva, Switzerland presents an extraordinary range of island Southeast Asian art.-^

M u seu m fo r E th n o lo g y R o tte r d a m Willemskade 25 3 0 16 DM Rotterdam Tel: +31-10-4111055 Fax: +31-10-41 18 3 3 1 Tue-Sat: 10am-5pm, Sun. and public holidays: I lam-5pm

Aut umn 1995 •

iias n e w s l e t t e r

>C6

ASIAN

The

CULTURE

Netherlands-Indones

A Hybrid o f Cultures?

Hester Wolters ed. N ederland I Indonesia. 1945-1995. Een culturele vervlechting.

S uatu P ertalian Budaya.

Den Haag: Zoo Produkties, 239 pp.

By Sisw a S a n to so Political scientist at the University of Amsterdam

The editor’s introductory remarks state that the aim o f this bilingual publication (Dutch-Indonesian) is to trace the influence o f the past Dutch endeavour upon the present work of younger generations. The book presents a collection o f twenty-nine articles and interviews expressing both concern and expectations, as well as reflecting on the current scenes in terms of cultural transfer o f language and litera ture; music, dance and theatre; photography and film; fine art; design and applied arts; architecture; and last but not least, trade and (government) administration. rT ' he general JL mood of the writing is very positive and the atmos phere is a mix ture ofpersonal, political, critical, and cosmopoli tan elements, with nationalist and sometimes colonial sentiments thrown in too. One important aspect of this work is the interviewee's or writer’s stri dent voice indicating an intermin gling of professional and national interests being inserted into family and personal backgrounds. This is not surprising since one prominent sponsor for the joint endeavour was W. Deetman, the former Minister of Education and Sciences, now chair man of the Dutch Parliament. He stated that the government wishes to emphasize the personal and indi vidual dimension in educational and cultural cooperation (p. 16/17). Hence we find in this book three ethnological museum curators who expect the younger generation of Indonesians in Indonesia to under take a systematic study of Dutch and other West European archaeological and ethnological museum collec tions. They believe this urgent task could serve to restore the fading tra ditional values induced by the sud den force of modernity and the rapid growth of today’s economy. This partly underlines the comment by Tuty Herati Nurhadi, the (only) Indonesian interviewee in this chap ter on cultural transfer, on the prob lem faced by the younger generation of Indonesian artists: an insufficient depth of understanding both of tra ditional/ethnic values and modern ideas. Apart from such a stimulus in aca demic archaeological training, art history, and history in general, it is not made cleat what values may be conveyed by modern Dutch culture. Probably this stems from the per sonal experiences of certain contrib utors whose stories reflect (much) regret about their pro-Dutch atti tude during the era of Dutch mili tary aggression in 1947-15149. In their new country of Holland, however, 7 0 • HAS

newsletter

their Indonesian background makes it impossible to avoid the continu ous recall of a past spent in the Netherlands-Indies which extends far beyond their eating habits, accent and so forth. Culturally speaking, they are still at the cross roads. It seems that a serious study is needed to identify the problem: is it a matter of choice (within the Dutch-Indonesian relationship) or of acceptance (by the Dutch public at large) ? Is it a problem of (disinte gration or cultural politics ?

Crossroads in literature Such an unremitting hesitation and uneasiness arises from the hybridization process. However, if we move to what is happening in the field of literature, some writers in the second chapter of the book would suggest differently, certainly in the case of language. Van Zonne veld, for example, after treating some prominent writers from the corpus of Indies belles lettres, such as Robinson/Maheu, Dermout, Haasse, and Springer, suggests that their stories reflect their bondage to Indonesia. They profess a deep empathy for the Indonesian people. Even the writer Du Perron expresses his sympathy with the nationalist movement and had close contact with prominent Indonesian nationalist leaders. As Indonesia became independent, somehow it produced a worldacknowledged writer such as Pramoedya Antana Toer, whose work is admired for its colourful imagery which moves readers to reflect upon Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. In his contribution Teeuw illustrates that, above all other writers, Toer has become familiar to the Dutch public as the representative of modern Indo nesian literature. By contrast, the Indonesian public recognize the internationally-known Dutch writer Multatuli for his work in which he took a critical stance towards coloni alism in Java. It seems that only Petjo can prove how Dutch/Indies and Indonesian could really get on well together in a language used by ordi nary people (with Indies back ground) in the street. Research by Van Rheeden shows that Petjo is nei ther Dutch nor Indonesian, despite

TSI56 • Autumn 1995

83% of the vocabulary being derived or borrowed from Dutch. The mori bund Petjo has already achieved lin guistic variant in shaping its own form, a mixed-system ofDutch vocabulary and Malay/Indonesian morphology, sound, and structure. The use of Petjo indicated the social . position of the speakers. Van Rheeden suggests that Petjo was a prod uct of complex social relations in a (colonial) multi-racial society with its hierarchical structure based on skin colour.

E clecticism in architecture The world of architecture provides phenomenal examples of eclecti cism. The Dutch architect Maclaine Pont, followed by Karsten, combined traditional and Western systems into a modern outlook with a strong local identity. The 1920ITB complex in Bandung is a classic example of his work. He, as observed by both Akihary and Gill in their contribu tions, applied a schematic approach to the design of buildings. Here the local climate presented an impor tant factor in the shaping of the roof, ventilation, and other structu ral and spatial facets of the construc tion. Such a design method, since adopted with success only by the American architect Rudolph, was also employed in a post-modern office complex in Jakarta. This is a noticeable contrast, as Gill suggests, to local authorities throughout Indonesia which have adopted a pol icy of accentuating local traditions in (government) office building pro jects.

Plural influences A different pattern of East-West relationships exists when we talk about performing arts in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia. In a survey of the subject, Ernst Heins and Marleen Indro Nugroho-Heins generally put the influence from the West to the fore. They detect some influence from Portuguese Tandjidor theatre, also Portuguese, Dutch and other influ ences are found in Kerontjong music. Some of today’s theatre scripts are adaptations of classical works (Oedipus Rex, Hamlet), whereas the modern classics such as Samuel Becket’s Waiting fo r Godot and works by Ibsen and Ionesco have already become common themes among today’s Indonesian dramatists. This development was initiated partly by the introduction of the proscenium during the Neth erlands-Indies era. As Ernst Heins and Marleen Nugroho-Heins state,

the use of the separated stage made an important change to the tradi tional relationship between players and audience on che one hand and between the players (dancers, musi cians etc.) on the other hand. Never theless, the development of the modern stage goes hand in hand with the commercialization of both traditional and modern perfor mances, which has led to the open ing up ofclassical/court dancedrama to a broader audience. As shown by Helena Spanjaard, such a plural influence also applies to fine art. Despite the pioneering work in establishing a Westernorientated art academy in Indone sia, the Dutch had only a limited influence on the first generation of post-war Indonesian artists. During the first part of its development, the academy in Bandung was labelled a colonial and Western laboratory. Spanjaard mentions some promi nent figures from the Bandung Western art academy such as Pirous, Sudjoko, Srihadi, Sadali, and Sidharta, who have become more aware of their Indonesian origins and tradi tions after pursuing further studies of Western art in France and USA. In their later, mature works we find sophisticated calligraphic paintings by Pirous and Sadali. Traditional motifs and rituals became the dom inant representations in Sidharta’s sculptures. These results were quite unexpected from the new themes of art academies which had been established on the initiative of the government. TheASRI ofYogyakarta or a similar art academy in Bali were supposed to be anti-colonial and devote themselves to serving the traditional arts. The difference between the Bandung academy and the Yogyakarta and Bali academies was not to be found in their educa tional programmes or in the tradi tional sources utilized, in fact the contrary was the case as far as Yog yakarta and Bali were concerned. Spanjaard suggests that the princi pal difference lies in the attitude taken towards their work. Unlike the art students in Yogyakarta and Bali, Bandung students were instructed more as artists than arti sans. The latter reflected the typical colonial attitude to traditionalism in art, but Yogya was able to define its own course towards traditional ism owing to its extremely nation alist and anti-Western origins. This remained so until 1965. Later, in line with the political orientation of the country no longer being hostile towards the West, Yogya’s contribu tion to modern art in Indonesia also

became, as Spanjaard states, techni cally speaking, international. Like those who are concerned about the identity of today’s Indonesian mod ern art, after presenting some of the joint Dutch-Indonesian project Cul tural Transm ission Spanjaard too sug gests a return to their own roots. She says: ‘Dutch artists who have spent some time in Indonesia attempt to deal with their environment by harking back to traditional values and norms. But what about the Indonesian artists? The ones who have spent time abroad (Holland, USA, Japan, Australia), attempt to shed their traditions which their Western counterparts seek so des perately.’ (p. 150) Yet such Dutch-Indonesian activ ities in the field of culture were and are driven by strong economic interests. In his contribution, Meij er describes Haakma, a diplomat who, at present, is very active in business affairs, as a disciple of Jan Pieterszoon Coen in the most posi tive sense. Haakma is also active in the introduction and facilitating of cultural activities within Indonesia. A combination of trade and cultural activities implies, Haakma argues, an increase of trade and export quo tas. On the subject of cultural and student exchanges, he says: ‘In the future they will tend to place orders with the country in which they studied, since they know the country well and have personal empathy for it. in this case the Netherlands is threatened with being left behind.’ (p. 210/213)

A Broken M irror

I find many narratives in this book akin to testaments by those who think about the long road of progress towards the finding of their origin and cultural identity. Certainly such a contribution may be taken as a reflection upon their identity, which is being consumed by a major process under the impending impact of glo balization. It is also important to make a link between these historical accounts, today's crises, and strategy for the future. Yet between the Neth erlands and Indonesia, owing to past relationships, an association of inter course between these two countries seems to persist which is more com plex than is justified by today’s trans national setting. It stems partly from the undigested past (from the Dutch point of view) but also from the capa bility of manipulation and exploita tion of the same past by the Indone sians. It follows that Indonesia has not been able to distinguish its real inherited weakness and strengths. With regards to the cultural aspect, this book can be a good point of departure for such a topic of discus sion. The intermingling of refinements begins with exchanges between two or more cultural variants. When the exchange process is initiated from below, one might expect only a mini mal identity crisis if and only if, the participants in the process have the opportunity to define their own role. Descriptions and discussions on the matters found in this book express complex identity crises: a dual cultu ral world of the Dutch? Indonesian and the diminishing traditional val-

ASIAN ues in a plastic global environment are now experienced by the younger generation of Indonesians. In this context, there is no better illustration ofambivalence than the tension between the conservative and dynamic way of regarding traditionalism. Without profound studies of the social significance of the traditional values, the adoption of the sugges tions found in either ethos will not provide much help, especially for those at the cross-roads, since being accepted in international art has more allure than embarking upon an endless discussion about the authenticity of one's work in terms of cultural roots. Secondly, the positions of both the dynamic and conservative approach es towards traditionalism share a similar tendency to welcome the newcomers in the world culture pro vided, of course, that they observe normative and instructive con straints. This leads to the third aspect of my remarks. The discourse on colonialism does not really help one to understand the actual form ^ and mechanism of colonial practices. The contemporary use of nationalist discourse on colonialism and vice versa suggests a practice in which economic power plays an instrumen tal role. Thus I cannot isolate these contested approaches from their dis cursive context and the real process to which this refers, namely that cul tural factors are instrumental in maintaining politico-economic dominance. This, together with the approach adopted and expressed in this book, reminds me that Ashis Nandy said that colonialism is not merely a politico-economic process, but also a psychological one which treats culture as a state of affairs. ^

References Ashis Nandy:

The Intim ate Enemy, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. 1983 Pramoedya Antana Toer:

Maaf, Atas Nam a Pengalaman, in Arena vol 7, 1990-1992 (p.4-29).

CULTURE

20 - 30 AUGUST, 1995 NATIONAL GALLERY, JAKARTA

Orientation:

In d on esian and D u tch Painters show D ifferen t D irection s Last August, the exhibition ‘O rientation’ was shown at the N ational Gallery in Jakarta. Carla Bianpoen com m ented on this exhibition in the following article, which was published in Thejakarta Post on 24 August 1995. By C a r l a B i a n p o e n A m id st the i l celebra

tions to mark Indonesia’s goldenjubilee, a group of Indonesian and Dutch artists are presenting their visions of today’s realities and needs. Back to basics is the message that comes through to the attentive visitor to the exhibition, which was organized by the Yogyabased Cemeti Contemporary Art Gallery and the Gate Foundation in Amsterdam. In contrast to their senior col leagues, these artists were born and educated in post-colonial times. They are therefore relatively free of colonial bias and have been able to develop themselves without any strings or burdens of con science. As is evident in their works, their concerns have taken in different directions, with the Indo nesians on their way foreward and the Dutch on their way back in search of childhood nostalgia. It is true that they share the same idea to basics, the Indonesian artists more as a comment or critique to socio-political situations, while the Dutch seem to have had enough of the abundance and sophistication of a welfare state. In reaction, they seem to prefer a return to the earlier stages of art expression (such as working with pencil] and ultimately to childlike spontaneity. In the spirit of goodwill that marks the Independance celebra tions in Indonesia, the organizers have made great strides in keeping an adequate equilibrium in every thing related to this exhibition, such as a balance in the number of participants from either side, in the speakers, and in the placing of the national colours. Unfortunate ly the balance slipped heavily to one side in the team of curators, with only one Indonesian curator out of a total of six. The Indonesian artists include Anusapati, known for his sculptures of wooden objects; Andar Manik, a ceramist and sculptor; Heri Dono, a painter, whose critiques are often leavened by a touch of humor; Nindityo Adipurnomo, a painter/dancer,

obsessed with his Javanese roots; and Judhi Soerjoatmodjo, a pho tographer and ex-journalist who has embarked on creating art with his photographs.

Exploitation Anusapati’s installation entitled Presence versus Exploit is a warning about forest exploitation. ‘Boxes’ of bare wood filled with rare fruits are put on stands. Carved leaves on the open lids of the boxes underline the work’s enviromental concern. Over each box is a lightbulb to serve as a warning signal. Andar Manik’s installations relate to his views on communications, the transfer of historical facts, the risks of false transmissions, but also the importance of truth, honesty, and the genuine communication between the people of the world. Clay, earth, wood and an old fridge as well as a map of the world are the attributes he uses to bring out his view of how things are and how they should be. Heri Dono’s installations in one way or the other contain a critique of what he finds wrong in the world around him. One ofhis installations consists of fifteen fibre glass dolls each in a krupuk barrel, a way to comment on trammelled freedom. Ninditiyo Adipurnomo is more absorbed by culture, Javanese cul ture that is. In some way, he says, Javanese culture is intriguing because of its introvert nature, its esoteric mystique. The concept of harmony and the denial of any open confrontation can at times be bur densome. Symbolic of all this is the Javanese Condé, a women’s hairpiece which ‘makes’ the Javanese attire. The condé, says Ninditiyo, is like Javanese culture. Its round or oval form always looks regular, it has an air of breeding, denoting class and social standing. It fascinates and triggers off one’s curiosity of what would be inside the hairpiece, the way Javanese intrigue. But it can also be exacting, particularly when changing lifestyles require a woman to be mobile. Nindityio’s installation Siapa Takut pada Orangjawa (Who is afraid of Javanese people), connects the condé with the bonaiig, the principal instrument in a gamelan. Yudhi Soerjoatmodjo’s photo graphs deal with the last moments

Heri Dono, Slam atan para roh [feast for the ghosts) - detail, 1995. Stone, electronics, lamps. 3.5 x 8 x 1.5 m. in his grandmother’s life. When these shown at earlier exhibitions it was his personal relationship with his granny which-stood out, the pic tures are now used as a medium of artistic display.

Dutch artists The Dutch participants in the dis play are Gijs Frieling, a painter whose art reflects reality with an imaginary touch; Paul Klemann whose medium is drawing; Cock Sjardijn, a painter whose works reflect themes reminiscent of images in the world of children; and Mark Manders, a sculptor whose expres sions in the mixed media are among the most interesting being produced by Dutch artists. Apart from their excellent skill in pencil drawings, the Dutch partici pants seem to be in a stage of search ing for new ways of art expression and, in their experimentation have found their way back to childlike expressions. Quite different are the works of Erszebet Baerveldt, who shows a high level of ability to combine vari ous media and whose artistic activ ities may stem from an immense urge to recreate the past. Such is tan gible in all of her art, be it in pencil, paint, sculpture, or video. Her video in this exhibit is consid ered a masterpiece. Featuring herself trying to put life into a sculpture, but in the end she can do nothing to prevent the sculpture from falling apart. It is an ode to the past, grief for the irrevocableness of life and death. Her passion for the past is also evi dent in her works of women whose personal histories have somehow remained in the dark. Take the Mona

Lisa of her photo-sculpture, she made a head sculpture which she put over her head, then sat at the win dow and made the ‘self-portrait’. Even more intense are her efforts to transform herself into Erszebet Bathory from 16th century Hungary. In her own time Bathory was accused of vampirism, bathing in the blood of young girls to retain her youthful beauty. Reading every single publica tion about her muse, the artist seems to have been imbued with an intense desire to understand the person behind the name, and eventually become Bathory herself She does everything to that end. She has taken the same given name, sews herself dresses like Bathory’s, she even changed her hair line. In the end one can not help get ting this eerie feeling that she might be affected by a form of hallucina tion, or maybe she is Bathory incar nate who wants to redress the accu sation made in the 16th century? Whatever it is, there is no doubt that the past is a source of forceful inspiration for this young artist who, at 26, is already an artist of renown, at least in the Netherlands. ‘She is known to practically all the galleries’, says Mrs. Reuten of the Reuten Galerie in Amsterdam, who represents this artist in this event.

Carla Bianpoen is a free-lance journalist.

Aut umn 1995 •

has n e w s l e t t e r

NBA

ASIAN

CULTURE

January 12 ►January 26, 1996

AUS TRI A M useum o f th e H istory o f Art Maria-Theresien Platz 1010 Vienna Tel + 43-1-52177301 Tuesday-Sunday 10.00-18.00 hrs dosed on Monday.

June 8 ►O cto b er 29, 1995

W eatherreport

Chinese Jade from the Neolitic

Artworks by young artists from Asia and The Netherlands

to the Qing.

SFAI G allery Chonqing

January 4 ► 10 January 10, 1996

Agenda

W eatherreport

P erm an en t c o llectio n

Egyptian and Oriental collection, paintings, coins, and antiquities. M useum für Volkenkunde

F RANCE

Place de la Révolution (Place du Marché) 2 5 0 0 0 Besancqon Tel:+33-81-814447 Fax:+33-81-615099 Closed on public holidays.

1 9 9 5 ► MAY 1 9 9 6

GERMANY M useum o f Ethnology

P erm an en t co llectio n S e p te m b e r 9, 1995 ►February 29, 1996

Fine art and archeology from non western area’s.

Exhibition: Lebensmuster-Textilien in Indonesien Ethnographic collections of textile art in a cultural context

B E L GI UM

N ational Galleries o f the Grand Palais Avenue du Géneral Eisenhower 75008 Paris Tel: +33-1 -44-13 1 730 Fax:+ 33-1-45-635433 Daily (exc. Monday) 10.00 - 20.00 hrs, W ednesday 10.00-22.00 hrs.

Lansstrasse 8 D -I4 I9 5 Berlin Tel:+49-30-83011 Fax: + 49-30-8315972 Monday to Friday 9.00 - I 7.00 hrs, Sat/Sun. 1 0 .0 0 - 17.00 hrs.

P erm an en t co llectio n

Studies of the cultures of the Pacific islands.Africa,America and South-East Asia.

Royal M useum o f M ariem ont Chaussee de Mariemont, 100- 7 / 40 Morlanwelz Tel:+32-64-212193 Fax:+32-64-262924 Daily 10.00-18.00 hrs. dosed on Monday

O verseas Museum

O cto b er 28, 1995 ►February 15, 1996 La Sérinde, Country o f Bhoudda

Sacred Art on the Silk route

Bahnhofsplatz 13 28195 Bremen Tel: + 49-421-36191 76 Fax:+ 49-421-3619291 Daily (exc. Monday) 10.00 - 18.00 hrs.

May ►O ctob er, 1995 Chinese Bronzes o f the Ming and Qing Dynasties

A presentation of the work of young artists in the field of Painting, calligraphy and seriography.

End o f 1995 Manus - Art and life in a Province o f the Papua Island New Guinea (provisional title)

History and culture of the Manus province in Papua New Guinea focussing on the current living conditions.

Universitatsstrasse 100 D -50674 Cologne Tel:+49-221- 9 4 0 5 180 Fax:+49-221-40 7290 Tuesday to Friday: 10.00-16.00 hrs Saturday, Sunday: 1 1.00-16.00 hrs Closed on Monday

R autenstrauch-joest M useum Ubierring 45 5 0 6 7 8 Cologne Tel:+ 49-221-3369413 F ax:+ 49-221-22114155 Tuesday to Sunday 10.00-1 7.00 hrs, First Thursday in the month 10.00-20.00 hrs.

Collections illustrating non-European cultures. The Ruhr Cultural Foundation Villa Hugel

Authorities o f the province o f Antwerp c.o. Arenbergstraat 28 B - 2 0 0 0 Antwerpen Tel:+ 32-3-2024611 Fax: + 32-3-2024600

Hugel 15 451 3 3 Essen Tel:+49-201-422559 F ax:+ 49-201-421048 Daily 10.00-19.00 hrs, Tuesday 10.00-21.00 hrs.

Cultural Centre Berchem N o v em b er 4, 1995, 20.30 hrs

Shujaat Hussain Khan

June ►O cto b er 1995

Sitar music from India

People and Gods in Ancient China

Cultural C entre Luchtbal N o v em b er 17, 1 9 9 5 ,2 0 .3 0 hrs

Linden M useum

Sabri Brothers & Qawwali Party

Soefi music from Pakistan Cultural Centre Z waneberg D e c e m b e r 15, 1995 ,2 0 .3 0 hrs

"‘•I*,.

Chinese Golden Dragon Acrobats & Magi cians, from Taipei

State

dignitaries o f Cakranegara, Lombok

Hegelplatz I 70174 Stuttgart Tel:+49-71 1-1231242 Fax:+49-711-297047 Tuesday to Sunday 10.00-17.00 hrs, W ednesday 10.00-20.00 hrs.

P erm an en t co llectio n

Worldwide ethnographical collections, Chinese and Japanese lacquer-ware.

De Warande January 13, 1 996,20.15 hrs

★

LombokTreasures/The true story

January 14, 1996, 2 0 .15 hrs Dhruba Gosh

H J J 2 H LI G H T

Kunsthal R otterdam , W estzeedijk 34, 3015 AA Rotterdam,The Netherlands

Music from India on sarangi

September 16, 1995 - December 12, 1995

U niversitat Gh Kassel Mbnchebergstrasse 2 1 A 3 4 1 0 9 Kassel Tel:+49-561-8 0 4 2 5 3 0 F ax:+ 49-561-8043505

March 24, 1 996,20.15 hrs X izang Ensemble

Tibetan music fron China

C H E C H REP UBLI C N ational G allery o f Prague Kinsky Palace Staromestské namesti 12 (12 Old Town Square) Prague I Tei+ 42-2-2315135 Tuesday to Sunday 10.00-18.00 hrs Closed on Monday

N o v em b er 28, 1995 ►January 2 1 ,1 9 9 6 Late Qing Figure Paintings: New Trends

CHINA Red G ate G allery L3 China World Hotel I Jianguomen Wai, Beijing Tel: + 86-1-5322286, 5 0 52266 Fax:+86-1-5324804

7 2

•

has n e w s le t te r

• T ^ h e Kunsthal Rotterdam has asked Ewald Vanvugt, who published a A book about these splendid treasures at the end of last year, to tell the story of the Lombok Treasures in the form of an exhibition. Over a hundred years ago, on 19 November 1894, kilos of golden and silver coins, golden utensils and jewellery were plundered by the Dutch army from the burning palace of the raja of Lombok. After an inspection of the booty, part was left to be exhibited in the Netherlands East Indies and the rest was shipped to the Netherlands in seventy-five sealed crates. Upon arri val there was a further splitup of the spoils. Part of the Lombok treasure was melted down and used as to supplement the National Treasury. A number of objects of extraordinary culturo-historical value were included in Dutch museum collections and the rest, precious objects and jewels, was locked away in the vaults of The Dutch Central Bank, because they were so extremely valuable. In 1973 the General Assembly of UNESCO unanimously demanded the immediate and unconditional return of all war treasures which colonial powers had taken in the course of time from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The Netherlands and Indonesia showed exemplary conduct in obeying the decree and on 1 July 1977 almost half of the Lombok treasures was returned by the Netherlands to Indonesia. Against the background of fifty years of Indonesian Independence, the Lombok treasures will be shown again for the first time since the outbreak of the Second World War.

N 96 • Autumn 1995

Kitagawa Utamaro (? 1754-1806) is the pivotal artist of the Ukiyo-e school. This exhibition draws from public and private collections worldwide to present a never-before-seen selection of over five hundred works in all media and formats including most of the rare hanging scroll paintings, woodblock prints and illustrated books. Early N o v em b er ►January 1996

Watercolours and Woodblock prints from Zhejiang

M useum fur O stasiatische Kunst

P erm an en t co llectio n

P roject O pen Cultural Centres

Chinese Golden Dragon Acrobaqts Magicians, from Taipei

S e p te m b e r 26 ►O cto b er 22, I995(p art tw o) The passionate art o f Utamaro

OCTOBER

M useum o f Fine A rt and Archeology

Neue Hofburg 1014 Vienna Tel: + 43-1-53430 Fax:+43-1-5355320 Daily 10.00-16.00 hrs Tuesday: dosed

This exhibition of jade, collected by Sir Joseph Hotung, illustrates the history of its use in China from c. 5000 BC to the Qing dynasty (AD 1644-1911) and displays the wide range of colours and textures of this material.

D e c e m b e r 15 ►January 28, 1996 (se co n d part)

Exhibition: Al Fahn Al Fann covers a contemporary art exhibition, a symposium, an intro duction of books as well as readings, dance and music activities on Islamic art from Islamic cultures among others: Indonesia and Malaysia.

GREAT B R I T AI N British M useum Great Russelstreet London WCI B 3DG Tel:+44-1 7 1 -6 3 6 1555 Fax: + 44-171-3238480 Monday to Saturday 10.00-1 7.00 hrs, Sunday 14.30-18.00 hrs.

P erm an en t co llectio n

Antiques from Egypt, Western asia, Greece and Rome, as well as pre historic and British art, Medieval, Re naissance, Modern and Oriental collec tion, prints, drawings, coins and medals.

Lady D avid G allery I Percival David Foundation o f Chinese Art School o f Oriental and African Studies 53 Gordon Square London W C I H 0PD Tel:+44-171-3 8 7 3 9 0 9 F ax:+ 44-171-3835163

S e p te m b e r 5, 1995 ►February 29, 1996 Flawless Porcelains

Imperial ceramics from the reign of the Chenghua Emperor. Victoria and A lbert Museum South Kensington London SW 7 2RL Tel:+44-1 7 1-9 3 8 8 5 0 0 Fax:+ 44-171-9388458 Tuesday to Sunday 10.00-1 7.50 hrs, Monday 12.00-17.50 hrs.

N o v em b er 22, 1995 ►February 18, 1996 The Peaceful Conquerors Jain Art from India

Jainism has been continuously practised in India-since the 6th century BC,and is the third major religion to originate there together with Hinduism and Buddhism.This travelling exhibition will present some of the finest examples of Indian sculpture and painting produced in the Jain tradition spanning a period of over 2000 years and will be the first exhibition of Jain art in the West. M useum o f M odern Art 30 Pembrooke Street Oxford OX I IBP Tel:+44-1865-722 733

O cto b er I ►D e c e m b e r 20, 1995

Her/ Dono - Artist in Residence ★ (See highlight no.2) Ashm olean Museum Beaumontstreet Oxford OXI 2PH Tel:+44-186 5 -2 7 8 0 0 0 F ax:+ 44-1865-278018

S e p te m b e r 7 ►N o v e m b e r 5, 1995

Modern Chinese Prints by Liu Huiming The Burrell Collection 2 0 6 0 Pollokshaws Road Glasgow G43 I AT Tel:+44-41-6497151 Fax:+ 44-41-6360086 Monday to Saturday 10.00-17.00 hrs, Sunday 1 1.00-17.00 hrs.

P erm anent c o llectio n

Art objects from the ancient civiliza tions of Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Italy, the Orient and from Medieval Europe.

H O N G KONG G allery La Vong Fine Contemporary Vietnamese Art One Lan Kwai Fong 13 IF Central Hong Kong Tel: + 852-2286-968616682 Fax: + 852-2286-9689 Monday - Saturday 10.30-18.30 hrs.

ASIAN ★

P e rm a n e n t e x h ib itio n

W o rk ofVietnamese artists among whom Nguyen Tu Ngiem (born 1922). Hong Kong Arts Centre

Fax: +852-28020798

February 23 ►M arch 14, 1996 Weatherreport

A rtw o rks by tw enty young artists from Asia and The Netherlands

INDIA The N ational Gallery o f M odern Art Jaipur House India Gate New Delhi Tel:+91-11-382835

D ecem b er 9, 1995 ►January 8, 1996 Exhibition o f artworks o f Dutch and Indian artists. See article page 6 7.

★

Heri Dono - Artist in Residence Museum o f M odern Art, 30 Pembrooke Street, Oxford OX I I BP, Great Britain O ctober I, 1995 - December 20, 1995

T T e r i Dono is one o f Indonesia’s most established installation and per1 1 formance artists. D uring his period in residence, Dono w ill create new work and performances which w ill be shown as a M O M A 2 project, bringing his work to Britain for the first time. Dono was born in i960 Jakarta and studied at art school in Yogyakarta where he now lives. His m ulti-m edia works and performances are a personal reflection o f a wide range o f social and political issues such as fam ily in A fri ca, unemployment, and political violence. Dono has exhibited widely in Indonesia, the Netherlands, the United States, Canada, Australia, Switzer land, and Japan and he represented Indonesia in the First Asia-Pacific Trien nial ó f Contemporary A rt in Brisbane. His residence has been supported by Visiting Arts and the British Council, Indonesia.

O c to b e r 7 ► N o ve m b e r 15, 1995 Parekh & Manisha Gera, Work on Paper and Gouaches

S e m i-p e rm an e n t exhibition 'Geldermalsen porcelain’ relating to the period o f the VOC

Erasmushuis (Dutch Embassy) Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said, Kavel S-3 Kuningan Jakarta 12950 Tel:+62-21-512 3 2 1

O c to b e r 18 - N o ve m b e r 8, 1995 Weatherreport

A rtw orks by twenty young artists from Asia and the Netherlands

THE NETHERLANDS Rijksmuseum Hobbemastraat 22

A r t exhibitions o f Indian artists Stichting De Nieuwe Kerk

T e l:+ 3 1-20-6732121 Fax:+ 3 1 -2 0 -6 7 9 8 146 Daily: 10.00 - 17.00 hrs

India classical: Shujaat Hussain Khan, sitar

Tropenmuseum

Stedelijk Museum Bureau Rozenstraat 5 9 1016 N N Amsterdam T e l:+ 31-20-4 220 471

T e l:+ 3 1-5 0 -3 6 3 5 7 9 1

O c to b e r s D e c e m b e r 1995

of the Tropics.

Velperweg 14 7 6824 MB Arnhem T e l:+ 3 1-26-3840840

3509 LJ Utrecht Tel:+31-30-2367116 Fax:+31-30-2328967

D e c e m b e r 21, 1995 ►M arch, 1996 Acquisitions resulting from research in

Tuesday - Sunday: 13.00 — I 7.00 hrs Closed on Monday

An exhibition about the changes and continuity in woodcarving o f irian jaya, focussing on the Asmat-area. Galerie Amber

P erm an en t exhibition Concentrating on the lives o f the Moluccans who came to the N ether lands in the l950s.The exhibition describes th e ir history in the Moluccas and in the Netherlands as well as the process o f integration. Network Non-Western Music (Netwerk Niet-Westerse Muziek) Pauwstraat 13a 3 5 I2 T G Utrecht Tel:+31-30-2332876 Fax:+31-30-231550 7

D e c e m b e r 1995: Kathakdances from Northern India

and Edith Bonds, who are ‘second generation’ Indonesian-Dutch people. The exhibition is held in relation to the 50th annivesary o f Indonesian Independence.

W ednesday D e c e m b e r 6, 20.30 hrs Theatre o f the city o f Zoeterm eer (+31-79-3427565) Thursday D e c e m b e r 7 ,2 0 .3 0 hrs Janskerk (Church), Maastricht (+31-43-3210380) Friday D e c e m b e r 8, 20.30 hrs Soeterijn Theatre, Amsterdam (+31-20-5688500) Saturday D e c e m b e r 9, 2 0 .15 hrs Theatre de Evennaar, Rotterdam

The Hague General information

Kap-Sun Hwang

(+31-10-41 I 1055) Sunday D e c e m b e r 1 0,20.30 hrs RASA Cultural centre, Utrecht (+31-30-2316040)

N o ve m b e r 30 ►D e c e m b e r 10, 1995 Festival Indie/lndonesia

In many theaters several cultural activities such as dance, drama, music, and wayang w ill be presented.

r’fV -

,. V ; . .

’ Museum Terzijde

Tuesday — Sunday: 9.00 — I 7.00 hrs Closed on Monday

Schoolstraat 3

Museum The Princessehof

4724 BJ Wouw T e l:+ 3 1-0 165-303650

Grote Kerkstraat I I

P erm an en t exhibition Visualization o f the Dutch colonial past, emphasizing the history o f the Dutch Colonial Arm y (KNIL).

8 9 11 D Z Leeuwarden T e l:+ 3 1-5 8 -2 127438

March 17 ►O c to b e r 31, 1995

Fax:+ 3 1-5 8 -2 12 2 2 8 1

Silk from Indonesia.

Daily 10.00-17.00 hrs

Costumes and clothapplication

Sunday 14.00-17.00 hrs

techniques.

Indonesië Museum Nusantara

Si-SookKang

P e rm a n en t exhibition Empire ofTreasures Nusantara

(Schattenrijk Nusantara) ‘The W hite Lady' Emmasingel

P e rm an en t collection Large exhibition o f Asian ceramics.

Eindhoven Information: T e l:+ 3 1-2 0 -6 6 8 6 178

D e c e m b e r 8, I 995 ►Feb ru ary 25, 1996 The Mongolian Empire during the Yuandy-

D e c e m b e r 16 ►29, 1995 The skin o f the W hite Lady

100 international artists participate in a project in the Netherlands.

Groninger Museum

Ethnographic Museum

New Korean Ceramics

The tw o young Korean ceramists Si Sook Kang (1962) and Kap Sun Hang (1963) show their experimental work, next to artefacts. Both artists are working in Germany from 1990 on. They exposed th e ir w o rk before in Germany, Switserland, Denmark and

Sunday 13.00-17.00 hrs

(M ulti-cultural building)

NORWAY

O c to b e r 16 ►N o ve m b e r 27, 1995

Fax: +31-15-2138744

Foundation for Indian Artists I

nasty (1279-1368)

This exhibition shows the influence of the Mongolians on the various art forms, especially ceramics.

N atio n al Museum o f Ethnology

Fokke Simonszstraat 10 / Lijnbaansgracht

Steenstraat I

I0 I7 T G Amsterdam

P.O. Box 90 9700 ME Groningen

2312 BS Leiden T e l:+ 31-71-5168800

Fa x:+31-20-6231547

Tel: + 3 1-50-3666555

Fax:+ 3 1 -7 1 -5 12 8 437

Tuesday — Saturday 13 .0 0 -18.00 hrs

Fax:+ 3 1-5 0 -3 12 0 8 15

Tuesday to Friday: 10 .0 0 -17.00 hrs

1st Sunday o f the Month: 14.00-1 7.00 hrs

Tuesday —Sunday: 10.00 — I 7.00 hrs

Saturday, Sunday: 12.00-1 7.00 hrs

Closed on Monday

Frederiksgate 2 0164 Oslo Tel: +47-22-859300 Fax: + 47-22-859960 Tuesday to Sunday: September 15th

to May 14th 12.00-15.00 hrs, May 15th to September 14th 1 1.00-15.00 hrs.

Austria. Museum o f Ethnology Rotterdam Willemskade 25 3 0 16 DM Rotterdam

P e rm a n en t collection From East Asia, Africa, North-Am erica, South-America, A rtie, sub-Artic

Tel:+31-10-4111055 Fax:+ 3 1-10 -4 1 18331

POLAND

Tuesday — Saturday 10 .0 0 -17.00 hrs. Sundays and public holidays:

The Asia & Pacific Museum 24 So/ecstreet

1 1.00-17.00 hrs.

From A p ril 14 onwards

Museumland I

T e l:+ 3 1-2 0 -6 2 3 1547

P.O.Box 13379

Exhibition of w o rk by SaskiaVermeesch

(See article page 66) Galerie Schoo

Kruisstraat 3 13

Tempo Biru, Tempo Baru

artists. (See article page 67)

Nihal Fernando, Sri Lanka

The nestor o f the contem porary photography in Sri Lanka shows his w o rk fo r the first time in the Museum

Moluccan Historical Museum

N o v e m b e r 11,1995 ►January 2, 1996

Daily: 10.00-17.00 hrs.

O c to b e r s D e c e m b e r 1995 Modern Indonesian Photography About 70 photo's by 5 prominent photographers w ill be shown

★ (See highlight no. I )

Africa.

Fax: + 3 1 -7 0 -3 6 17455

2611 HR Delft Tel:+31-15-2602358

especially Indonesia.

Southeast-Moluccas

The culture o f the Southeas-Moluccas is still fairly unknown to many. In this exhibition, the visitor w ill embark on a spectaculair journey into the realm of thought o f this group o f islands.

Tel/Fax: 3 1- 7 1- 5 149040

2 5 11 CW Den Haag Tel:+31-70-3565320

SlAgathaplein I

S em i-P erm an en t exhibitions The life o f people in the tropics: SouthEast Asia department: N ew dept, about People and cultures in South East asia,

Forgotten Islands, the mystery o f the

S e p te m b e r 16, 1995 ►D e c e m b e r 12, 1995 Lombok Treasures, The true story

O c to b e r 6, 1995 ►August 25, 1996

P e rm a n en t exhibition Ethnographica from Indonesia, the Philippines,Taiwan, the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, Australia and Sub-Saharan

Exhibition o f artworks o f Dutch and Indian

Fax: + 3 1 -2 0 -5 6 8 8 3 3 1 Saturday, Sunday: 12.00 — I 7.00 hrs

1 1.00-17.00 hrs.

on clothes

Korte Voorhout 3

T e l:+ 3 1-2 0 -5 6 8 8 4 18 Monday — Friday: 10.00 — I 7.00 hrs

der Leeuw

D e c e m b e r 15, 1995 ►A p ril 15,1996

Linaeusstraat 2 1092 CK Amsterdam

Sundays and public holidays:

An exhibition o f patterns printed

2312 H T Leiden

the 19th century.

Fax: +31-10-43 67/52 Tuesday - Saturday 10 .0 0 -17.00 hrs.

Katazome o f Noriko Nakamura

Hooglandsekerkgracht 8

Treasures o f a rt from the Kingdom Thailand. Several monumental and serene sculptures of Buddhaas well as ceremonial objects an relics from Stupa’s and Pagodes give an impression of the compiexe culture of Buddhism in Thailand, the old kingdom o f Siam. These unique objects of a rt from the Royal treasure chambers date from the second millenium before C hrist up to

T e l:+ 3 1-10 -4 4 0 0 3 2 1

January, 1995 ►M arch 3 1 ,19 9 6

Saturday/Sunday: 13.00 - I 7.00 hrs

Fax:+31-26-3840890

O c to b e r 28, 1995, 20.00 hrs

3015 AA Rotterdam

Tuesday - Friday: 10.00 - 16.00 hrs

Museum Bronbeek

O c to b e r 27, 1 9 95,20.30 hrs Divali party (feast o f the light).

Westzeedijk 3 4 1

An impression o f a large and varied collection o f Japanese belt toggles.

F a x:+31-20-6226649

Royal Tropical Institute

T e l:+ 3 1-2 0 -5 6 8 8 7 11

Netsuke, Japanese culture in a nutshell

9712 SL Groningen

Buddha's o f Siam

Kunsthal Rotterdam

January, 1995 ►M arch 31, 1996

Nieuwe Kijk in ‘t Jatstraat 104

U n til January 1996 A selection o f objects o f a rt from the Far East, mainly sculptures from China.

1092 AD Amsterdam

about 1850.

1017 NL Amsterdam Tel:+31-20-6268168

A p ril ►May, 1996

Mauritskade 63

An exhibition about daily life in Japan

Gravenstraat I 7

P.O. Box 74888 1070 DN Amsterdam

Power & Gold Jewelery from Indonesia and the Philippines from the collection o f the Barbier-Mueller Museum in Geneva.

a long lasting exhibition

Irian Jaya

Ethnological Museum Gerardus van

INDONESIA

D e c e m b e r 1995 ►May 19, 1996

D u rin g reconstruction activities Japan a.d. 1850

SIF no. 2 Harbour Road Wan Chai T el:+852-28020679

H I G H L I G H T

CULTURE

00-403 Warsaw Tel:+48-22-299268

Enchanted worlds

For children who want to see even more o f the world. Children w ill be able to make a trip through the Netherlands, the w orld o f the islam as well as new worlds which have now been added: the Afro-Caribbean w orld

Fax: + 4 8 -2 -6 2 19470

January 3 I ►D e c e m b e r 3 1 ,19 9 5 Exhibition: ‘The World ofVietnamese A rt’ at the Nusantara Gallery, 18a Nowogrodzka Street, Warsaw.

and Asia.

To be continued on page 74 A utu m n

1995

•

iia s n e w s l e t t e r

TsC 6

ASIAN

CULTURE 7. Dagens, Bruno

Selected by the Gate Foundation

OCTOBER

1 9 9 5 ► MAY 1 9 9 6

May 1995 ►onw ards Exhibition: 'Contemporary Art and Graph ics o f Vietnam’

at the Asian Gallery, 5 Freta Street, Warsaw.

P ORTUGAL Museum of Ethnology Avenida llha da Madeira-ao Restelo 1400 Lisboa Tel:+351-1-3015 2 6 4 15 Fax:+351-1-3013994 Tuesday to Sunday 10.30-18.00 hrs.

P erm an en t c o llectio n

African, Oceanic, Melanesian and American art.

Rietberg Museum Gablerstrasse 15 8002 Zurich Tel:+41-I-2024528 Fax:+41-1-2025201 Tuesday to Sunday 10.00-1 7.00 hrs.

l. Pal, Pratapadity P erm an en t co llectio n

Indian and Tibetan art, art from Africa and the Pacific, Eskimo and North West American, Indian and pre-Columbian art.

VIETNAM

P erm an en t c o llectio n

Ethnological collections from Africa, America, Asia, and Europe with a strong focus on Portugal.

RUSSI A Tsaritsino Palace Museum I Rue Doskaia 115569 Moscow Tel:+7-095-3216366 Fax:+7-095-2414623 Opening time not available During 1995

The notion of beauty in the works of traditional artists of Middle Asia and the Caucasus.

SLOVAK REP UBLI C Stote Gallery of Banska Bystrica

O ctob er, 1995 ►January, 1996

The 13th International Triennial of Wood Engraving.

S WI T Z E R L A N D Museum für Völkerkunde und Schweizerisches Museum für Volkskunde Augustinergasse 2 PO Box 1048 CH-4001 Basel Tel:+41-6 1-2665500 Fax:+41-61-2665605 Untill October 1995:Tuesday —Sunday 10.0017.00 hrs From November 1st 1995: Tuesday - Saturday 10.00-12.00 and 14.0017.00 hrs; Sunday 10.00-17.00

P erm an en t c o llectio n

Among others the work of the Vietna mese artist Bui Xuan Phai (1921-1988).

Vietnam Association of Plastic Arts Hanoi N o v em b er 16 ►N o v em b er 30, 1995 Weatherreport

Artworks by twenty young artists from Asia and The Netherlands

Fine Arts Association of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City D e ce m b e r 8 ►D e c e m b e r 22, 1995 Weatherreport

Exhibition related to the 50-year independance of Indonesia in co operation with four Balinese artists: Wayan Sika, Nyoman Erawan, Madé Djirna and Made Budhiana.

The Art Agenda is produced by The Cate Foundation in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Please send all information with regard to activities and events relating to Asian art to:

The Baur Collections

The Gate Foundat i on

Barbier-Mueller Museum 10 Rue Calvin 1204 Genève Tel:+41-22-3120270 Fax:+41-22-312 0 190 Daily 10.00-1 7.00 hrs.

7 4 ' IIAS n e w s l e t t e r

J a in art from India. Museum Associates and Los Angeles County M useum o f Art,

TN?6 • Aut umn 1995

Herengracht 344 1016 CG Amsterdam P.O.Box 814 1000 AV Amsterdam the Netherlands Tel: +31-20-620 80 57 Fax:+31-20-639 07 62

4. Faulkner, Dr Rupert Japanese Studio Crafts: tradition and the avant-garde Victoria and Albert Museum, 1995, ISBN 1 85669 062 8

1994, ISBN o 500 01650 x

Jainism (together with Hinduism and 71A Nguyen Du Street Buddhism) is one of the three major reli Hanoi gions to have emerged in India. It has Tel: +84-4-229064 been practised continuously practised since at least the 6th century BC and cur P erm an en t c o llectio n rently has a following of some six million Work of Vietnamese artists Khuc Thanh Binh,Thah Chuong, DaoTanh Dzuy, people. Over the course of two millennia, Pnam Minh Hai, Dang Xuan Hoa.Tran the Jains have produced an extremely di Luong, Pham Hong Thai, Boa Toan,Tru verse and vital range of art which has hit ong Tan, Do Minh Tam. herto been little known in the West. Richly illustrated with examples from all Art Gallery Hien Minh ages, this book provides a comprehensive I st Floor, 44 Dong Khoi Street, Distr. I introduction to the art of the Jains and a Ho Chi Minh City fascinating insight into the practices, Tel: +84-8-224590 principles, and beliefs of the religion. It is published to accompany the world’s first P erm an en t c o llectio n Work of among others the Vietnamese exhibition of Jain art which will be painter Nguyen Thi Hien. shown at the Victoria and Albert Muse' um in November 1595. (see review] Galleria Vinh Loi

A u gu st 20, 1995 ►March 3 1 ,1 9 9 6 Farewell to Paradise - New views to Bali

8 Rue Munier-Romilly 1206 Genève Tel:+41-22-3461729 Fax:+41 -22-7891845 Tuesday to Sunday 14.00-18.00 hrs. The Museum will be closed temporarily from June 26 1995 to Spring 1997 due to enlargement of the museum and reconstruction activities.

The Peaceful liberators:

Red River Gallery

49 Dhong Koi Street, Distr. I Ho Chi Minh City Tel: +84-8-222006

8 Rue Dolna 97450 Banska Bystrica Tel: +42-88-24167

P u b lication s on Asian C ulture

2. Steams, Robert (ed.j Photography and Beyond injapan: space, time and memory The Hara Museum o f Contemporary Art, Tokyo, 1995 This catalogue is the first comprehensive survey of the impact of photography on contemporary Japanese art. It also provi des an introduction to traditional Japa nese art, offering a context for understan ding the innovations of today’s artists. The 100 works shown have been created in the past 20 years by 12 Japanese artists. They range from conventional photo graphic prints to sculptural pieces and other inventive works that reassess every convention of the medium. The related exhibition was organized by the Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo.

3. Zijlstra, Sybrand and L. van der Linden Nederland-lndonesië, een culturele vervlechting (Z)OO producties, 1995 ISBN 9074009 11 5

Published to mark the occasion o f the 50th anniversary of the Indonesian pro clamation of Independence in 1945. This book aims to make visible the cul tural influences which have passed be tween the Netherlands and Indonesia in the 50 years since the 1945. All sorts of contributions, i.e. personal accounts, interviews and essays, from the Nether lands and Indonesia, covering a wide range of cultural interaction, can be found in this publication. (See review]

This book serves as an introduction to the richness and diversity of activities in the different areas of contemporary Japanese studio crafts. There have been two distinctive trends in Japanese stu dio crafts since the I970s:a rapid diver sification of avant-garde tendencies in fields such as ceramics, metal and fibre art; and the continuation of the more traditional ceramic heritage, for exa mple, demonstrated by family potteries built up over successive generations. The writer examines these different ap proaches to studio crafts, and uses a broad range of examples to describe in some depth the sophistication of the making processes in Japan.

5. Gillow, John Traditional Indonesian Textiles Thames and Hudson, 1995 paperback edition ISBN 0 500 278202

Over 200 photographs illustrate the beautiful cloud shapes, geometric forms, human and animal figures, In dian symbols, and even Dutch Art Deco designs that have been used as textiles motifs. Based on first-hand research, often conducted in remote areas, John Gillow’s account comprises a complete history of textile production in the In donesian Archipelago, from Balinese double-ikats and Javanese silks to the gold-thread brocades of Sumatra.

Angkor: heart o f an Asian empire Thames and Hudson, 1995 ISBN 0 500 300542, paperback Cambodia is home to one of the most intriguing ancient cities in the world. For over five centuries Angkor, ancient seat of the Buddhist god-kings, was ca pital of the Khmer empire. Abandoned in the 15th century, this magnificent city was swallowed up by the jungle and almost forgotten until, four centu ries later, it was uncovered by European explorers. This book traces the origins of the mysterious ruins and brings the story of their rediscovery alive through documentary photographs, paintings, drawings, and maps.

8. Murray, Sarah and Suwamo W irosetiotomo Contemporary Indonesian Art Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta, 1995

This catalogue has been published in connection with the exhibition of con temporary art of the Non-Aligned Countries. Forty-nine contemporary ar tists from Indonesia are presented in this catalogue, and there are articles on contemporary art in the Non-Aligned Countries, modernism and modernity in contemporary art in Indonesia, and contemporary Indonesian art in a glo bal perspective.

9. Lasschuijt, Helga (ed.) Weather Report Weather Report, The Hague, 1995 Catalogue of a project that started off in 1991, when Rienke Enghardt, a Dutch artist, set off on her first trip to Asia. Several other trips followed. Among the countries she has visited are China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, and Laos. During her journeys, she made drawings, which she then cut into four parts. Each part was sent, like a postcard, to a Dutch artist and an Asian artist, whom she met along the way. Each artist extended the received fragment, creating a new work of art, the same size as the original drawing. Afterwards, the four original fragments were again put together. The fascina ting new pieces of art thus created are being exhibited in a travelling exhibi tion, that will be seen through Asia and the Netherlands. The catalogue con tains contributions of, among others, Michel Maas and Jeffry Hantover.

10. Heraty, Toeti 6. Jose, Nicholas and Yang Wen-i (eds.) Art Taiwan M useum o f C ontem porary Art, Sydney, 1995

Choices o f the Heart: m odem Indonesian paintings fro m Toeti Heraty’s collection Cemara 6 galeri Kafe, Jakarty 1995

ISBN 976 6410 53 4 (sc] ISBN 976 6410 21 6 (HC]

This catalogue was published on the oc casion o f the first significant showing of contemporary art from Taiwan in Australia. This book is intended as a ti mely contribution to the burgeoning of literature on the art of this region. Bes ide colour plates o f contemporary Tai wanese art, this catalogue contains es says on the development ofTaiwanese art.

Catalogue which accompanied an exhi bition at the Rotterdam Museum of Ethnology, from June 1 to August 27, 1995. The exhibition shows work from the private collection of the psycholo gist, philosopher, and poet Toeti Heraty who plays an important part in the cul tural life of Jakarta. She has built up a major collection of modern Indonesian art. The exhibition shows some twentyfive paintings from this collection, se lected by Toeti Heraty herself, together with a number of poems and fragments of literature. The result: a personal view of someone who is an Indonesian art professor, o f the director of the Jakarta art academy, and of a famous Indone sian art collector.

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Autumn

1995

•

has

newsletter

"N?6 • 7

NEWSLETTERS N ew sletter of the Göran Aijmer European China Anthropology Network Organization: Sinological Institute, Leiden University Editor: Frank Pieke Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of Charge Circulation: 85 Format: A4 Contact. Frank Pieke. Sinological Institute, Leiden Univerisyt, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-71-5272530 Fax: +31-71-5272615 IATS N ew sletter Organization: Finnish Association of East Asian Studies Editor: Jouko Seppanen Appears: I-2 x a year Price: Membership FAEAS: 30-120 MK Circulation: 500 Format: AS Language: English and Finnish Contact: Jouko Seppanen, Helsinki University of Technology, Otakaari I, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland. Tel:+358-0-4514 3 12 Fax: +358-0-4513293 ICS N ew sletter Organization: Institute of Commonwealth Studies Appears: 12 x a year Format: A4 Contact: Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 28 Russel Square, London WCIB 5DS.UK.Tel: =44-171-5805876, Fax: +44-171-2552160. IDP News Organization.The International Dunhuang Project Editor: Susan Whitfield Price: Free of Charge Format: A4 Contact: Susan Whitfield,The International Dunhuang Project,The British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, 197 Biackfriars Road, London SEI 8NG, UK.Tel: +44-171-412 7647/7650, Fax: +44-171-4127858 Email: susan.whitfield@bl.uk HAS N ew sletter Organization: International Institute of Asian Studies Editor: Paul van der Velde Appears: 3 x a year (1995) Circulation: 11,000 Format A3 Contact Paul van der Velde, HAS RO. Box 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-7 1-527 2227/2917 Fax:+31-71-5274162 India Nu Organization: Landelijke India Werkgroep Editors: B.Ars, N. Bonouvrié, H. Boon, I. vd Veen, A. Hendricx, M. Kooien, M.Reumers, P.Wolthuis Appears: 6 x a year Price: Dfl. 3 0 ,- a year Circulation: 800 Format A4 Language: Dutch Contact: Landelijke India Werkgroep, Oude Gracht 36, 351 I AP Utrecht, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-30-2321340 Fax:+31-30-2322246 Indonesian Environmental History N ew sletter Organization: Ecology, Demography and Economy in Nusantara EDEN Editors: L. Nagtegaal and D. Henley Appears: 2 x a year (Jan/Jun) Price: Free of Charge Circulation: 300 Format A4, copied Contact: L Nagtegaal, EDEN, c/o KITLV, P.O.Box 9 5 15, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-71-5272914 Fax:+31-71-5272638

INIS N ew sletter Organization: Indonesian-Netherlands Cooperation in Islamic Studies INIS Editor: Dick van der Meij Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of charge Circulation: 500 Format A4, printed Contact INIS, Dept, of languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, Projects Division, Leiden University, RO. Box 9 5 15, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-71-5272419 Fax:+31-71-5272632 ISIR N ew sletter Organization: Irian jaya Studies a programme for Interdisciplinary Research Editor: J. Miedema Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of charge Circulation: 150-200 Format A4 copied Contact: J. Miedema, Dept, of Southeast Asia and Oceania, Projects Division, Leiden University, Nonnensteeg 1-3, 231 I VJ Leiden, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-7 1 5272416/2419 Fax:+31-71-5272632 Japan A nthropology W orkshop N ew sletter Organization: Japan Anthropology Workshop, JAWS Editor. Roger Goodman Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free to members Circulation: 200 Format. AS, copied Contact Roger Goodman, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, 27 Winchester Road, Oxford OX2 6NA, UK. Tel: +44-86S-274576 Fax: +44-865-274574 KIT N ew sletter Organization: Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Editors: Inge Pit and Anna Maria Doppenberg Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of charge Circulation: 4500 Format A4, full colour, printed Contact: Inge Pit, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-20-5688296 Fax:+31-20-6684579. Central Asia Quarterly ‘Labyrinth’ Organization: Central Asia Research Forum Editor; Alexander Barabanod Appears: 4 x a year Price: Annually individuals: £29 (UK and EU), £35 (rest of Europe), £39 (world wide); institutions: £55 (UK and EU), £60 (rest of Europe), £65 (worldwide) Contact: Central Asia Quarterly, Central Asia Research Forum, School of Oriental and African Studies, Russel Square, London W C IH 0XG, UK. Tel: +44-71-3236300 Fax: +44-71-4363844, Email: carf.soas@clus I .ulcc.ac.uk (please designate the subject as labyrinth) Memoria de Asia Organization: Instituto Complutense de Asia Editors: Florentino Rodao Appears: 4 x a year Price: Free of charge Circulation: 600 Format: A4 Language: Spanish Contact: Instituto Complutense de Asia, Mas Ferré, Somosaguas, Universaidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain. Tel:+34-1-3942491 Fax:+34-1-39424881 Email: iasia02@sis.ucm.es

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in E urope N ew s and Views from Japan Organization: The Information Centre of the Mission of Japan to the European Communities Editor: HajimeTsujimoto Appears: 2 x a month Format: A4 Contact:Tsuyoshi Shionoya, Information Centre of the Mission of Japan to the European Communities, 58 Avenue des Arts, 1040 Brussels. Tel:+32-2-5112307 NAJAKS N ew sletter Organization: Nordic Association of Japanese and Korean Studies Editor.Arne Kalland Appears: I -2 x a year Contact: Arne Kalland, NIAS, Njalsgade 84, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel:+45-31-548844 Fax: +45-32-962530 NASA N ew sletter Organization: Nordic Association of South Asian Studies Editor: Hans-Christian Koie Poulsen Contact: Hans Christian Koie Poulsen, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Njalsgade 84, DK-2300 Copenhagen. Denmark. Tel: +45-35-329098 / 548844 Fax: +45-32-962530 Email: hckoie@nias.ku.dk NIAS N ytt, Nordic N ew sletter of Asian Studies Organization: Nordic Institute for Asian Studies Editor. Karl Reinhold Haellquist Appears: 4 x a year Format: A4 Contact: NIAS, 84 Njalsgade, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. Tel: +45-31-548844 Fax:+45-32-962530 N onesa N ew sletter OrganizatiomThe Nordic Association for South East Asian Studies, NASEAS Editor, Ingela Palmgren Appears: I -2 x a year Price: SEK. 100 (yearly), Free of charge for NASEAS members Circulation: 330 Format: A5 Contact: Ingela Palmgren, NASEAS, Dept, of Economic History, P.O. Box 7083, S-22007 Lund, Sweden. Tel:+46-46-104485 Fax: +46-46-131585 O ceania N ew sletter Organization: Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Nijmegen Editor: Eric Venbrux Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of charge Format: A5 Contact: Eric Venbrux, Centre for Pacific Studies, Vakgroep Anthropologie, Universiteit van Nijmegen,Th. van Aquinostr. 4, 6500 HK, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-24-3612361 Fax:+31-24-361 1945

OCIS N ew sletter Organization: Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies Editor: Graham Speake Appears: 3 x a year Price: Free of charge Circulation: 1000 Format A4 Contact: Mrs Lynn Abdel-Haq, Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, George St„ Oxford OXI 3HQ.UK. Tel: +44-865-278730 Fax: +44-865-278740 OCCN N ieuwsbrief Organization: Overzeese Chinezen Contact Nederland Format A4 Language: Dutch Contact Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculteit Sociaal-Culturele Wetenschappen, Sectie Niet-Westerse Geschiedenis, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Tel:+31-20-4446707 Fax:+31-20-4446722 Östasiatiska Museets Vanner Nyhetsbrev Organization:The Friendship Association of the Museum of Far Eastern A rt & Antiquities in Stockholm Appears: 6 x a year Price: Free of charge for members of the Museum. Others after agreement. Circulation: 1200 Format A4,4-6 pages Language: Swedish Contact: Carin Balfe, Östasiatiska Museets Vanner,Askrikegatan 19,S-l 15 57 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel/Fax: +46-8-6609351 Philippines Information Exchange Organization: Philippine Resource Centre PRC Appears: 6 x a year Pr/ce:Annually: £5 (individuals), £30 (organizations), free of charge to members of PRC Circulation: 300 Format. A4 Contact: Philippine Resource Centre. 84 Long Lane, London SEI 4AU, UK. Tel: +44-171-3780296 Fax: +44-171-4033997 Punjab Research Group N ew slettere Organization:The Punjab Research Group Appears: I x a year Contact: ShinderThandi, Dept, of Economics, Coventry Business School, Coventry University, Coventry CVI 5FB.UK. Tel: +44-203-838238 Fax: +44-203-838251 Science and Empire Organization: NISTADS (New Delhi) and REHSEIS (Paris) Editors: Deepak Kumar (NISTADS) and Patrick Petitjean (REHSEIS) Price: Free of charge Appears: 2 x a year Circulation: 650 Format: A4 Contact: Patrick Petitjean, REHSEIS, 27 rue Damesme, 75013 Paris, France. Tel:+33-1-45811485 Fax: +33-1-45807847 Email: ppjean@paris7.jussien.fr or Deepak Kumar, NISTADS, Hillside Road, New Delhi, 110012 India. Tel:+91-1 1-5726406 Fax: +91-1 1-5754640 SEALG N ew sletter Organization: South East Asia Library group Editor: Patricia Herbert Appears: Anually Price:Two years: $ I 5.00 or £7.50 Circulation: 250 worldwide Format: A4 Contact: Patricia Herbert, Oriental & India Office Collections, British Library, 197 Biackfriars Road, London SEI 8NG, UK. Tel:+44-171-4127652 Fax: +44-171-4127641

South Asia N ew sletter Organization: Centre of South Asian Studies, SOAS Editor)s): Centre of South Asian Studies, Room 4 7 1 Appears: 3 x a year Price: Free to educational institutions Circulation: 470 Format A4 Contact: Centre of South Asian Studies, Room 4 7 1, School for Oriental and African Studies,Thornhaugh St, Russell Square, London WC I QXG. UK. Tel:+44-171-3236353 Fax:+44-171-4363844 The N ew sletter o f the ‘S tate and Society in East Asia’ Network Editor: Kjeld Erik Brödsgaard Appears: 2 x a year Price: Free of Charge Circulation: 200 Format: A4 Contact: Kjeid Erik Brodsgaard or Mette Mathiasen, East Asian Institute, University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 80, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. Tel:+45-31-542211 Fax:+45-31-546676 Sri Lanka N ew sletter Organization: Stichting NederlandSri Lanka Editor: E. Jongens Appears: 4 x a year Price: Members Dfl. 2 5 Circulation: 250-300 Format A4 Language: Dutch Contact: Stichting Nederlands-Sri Lanka, Den Haag, the Netherlands. Tel:+31-70 3252381 Ultramarine Organization: Friends of Overseas Archives and Historical Institute of Overseas Countries Editor: AMAROM Appears: 2 x a year Price: Per issue FF.50, annual subscription: FF.90 Circulation: 700 Format: A4 Language: French Contact: A. Cécile Tizon Germe, AMAROM, 29 Chemin du Moulin Detesta. 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France. Tel:+33-42-264321 Fax: +33-42-268459 Vereinigung fiir Sozialwissenschaftliche Japanforschung N ew sletter Organization: Vereinigung fiir Sozial wissenschaftliche Japanforschung e.V. Editor. Dr Anna Maria Thranhardt Appears: 10 x a year Format A5 Language: German Contact: Dr Anna Maria Thranhardt, Am Linnenkamp 2.W-4400 Münster, Germany. Tel: +49-2501-4793.

Newsletters on Asi a in E u r o p e to the HAS Office, P.O.Box 9 5 15 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands Tel.: + 31- 7 1-527 22 27 Fax:+31-71-527 41 62 attention o f Use Lasschuijt

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Interviews and text Ad van Schaik

Translation Rosemary Robson

Photo’s The diverse museums

Design De Kreeft, Amsterdam

This supplement to the sixth 1las Newsletter is the third in a series which aims to provide Asianists and other interested parties with succinct informa tion about Asian Studies. The first supplement ( iia sn 2-94), ’Asian Studies in a Global Perspective’, contained the speeches delivered by scholars in the field of Asian Studies during the official opening o f th e HAS in 1993. The second supplement (iia s n 4-95), ‘Present and Future State of Provision for Asian Studies in Europe’, contained useful information about oriental collections in the possession of libraries in several European countries. This third supplement, ‘Dutch Museums with Asian Collections’, gives an impression of the main Asian collections in 15 Dutch museums. It lists the cities where the museums are located in alphabetical order. The museums have different backgrounds. There are museums with a (post)colonial background such as the Museum Bronbeek, the Delft Ethnological Museum Nusantara, the Moluccan Historical Museum, the Tropenmuseum in Amster dam, and the Steyl Mission Museum. The ethnological museums in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Groningen also boast considerable Asian collec tions. The Rijksmuseum, the Netherlands Maritime Museum, the Historical Museum, all in Amsterdam, the Groninger Museum, Museum Het Princessehof in Leeuwarden, the Kröller Müller Museum in Otterlo, and the Boymans-van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam have fairly sub stantial Asian collections. This inventory of Dutch museums with Asian collections should be viewed as a pilotproject for a more elaborate supplement or a separate publication on museums with Asian collections in Europe. I want to thank the repre sentatives of the above-men tioned museums for their will ingness to cooperate. ^

Print Dijkman, Amsterdam

P a u l v a n d e r Ve l d e

Edi t or HAS

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Foreword

The International Institute for Asian Studies (HAS) P.0 . Box 9515 2300 RA LEIDEN The Netherlands Telephone: +31-71-5272227

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COLLECTIONS VOC plate, Porcelain. Japan, 1660- 80. Collection Amsterdams Historisch Museum

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S taff Director: Pauline W. Kruseman The curator o f the section dealing with the history o f the East India Company (VOC) is D r LodewijkWagenaar,

who did his doctorate with a thesis about Galle, the VOC settlem ent on Sri Lanka.

A m sterdam s H is to ris c h M u s e u m Nlieuwezijds Voorburgwal 359 1012 RM Amsterdam T el:+31-20-5231822 Fax: +31-20-6207789

O peninghours Monday I Friday: 10am - 5pm Saturday / Sunday: I la m - 5pm

t is no easy matter to give an exact figure of the share of the East India Company in the overall history of Amster dam trade. Indubitably, the spin-off effects of the Asian trade and the equipping of East Indiamen were of inestim able value for both the economy and the job market in Amsterdam in particular and the Republic as a whole. Between 1602 and 1795 the Amsterdam Chamber of the VOC built no less than 728 ships and in that same period somewhere in the region of one million people left for Asia.

Asian trade From September this year, the Asian trade of Amsterdam in the 17th and 18th centuries will be allotted a new place in the Amsterdam His torisch Museum. The museum is opening three rooms in which the spotlight will fall on the history of the Amsterdam Chamber of the United East India Company (VOC), the significance of Asian trade in the economy of the city, and the shipbuilding activities of the VOC in the harbour of Amsterdam. This new arrangement includes a model of the Amsterdam shipyard of the VOC. The museum possesses a rich collection covering the history of European-Asian relations: 17th and 18th century maps, atlases, and globes, topographical prints and paintings depicting various VOC settlements in Asia, Chinese, and Japanese porcelain; finds retrieved from wrecks of VOC ships; and all manner of curiosities, such as art fully carved nautilus and other Indian Ocean sea shells. The museum library has a splendid collection of books relating to the history of the VOC and overseas expansion; there is a collection of 17th and 18th century travel accounts and ethno-historical literature. Since 1975 the Amsterdams Historisch Museum has been housed in the former Civic Orphanage, for which purpose the 17th and 18th century building underwent a thorough restoration. Around what was once the inner courtyard the visitor is offered an impression of the history of Amsterdam in all its facets, touching upon subjects like the Baltic trade, grain prices, the staple market, the guilds, and Asian trade. Among the other sections in the extensive collection are: archaeo logical finds which were excavated during the construction of the metro, group portraits of the Amsterdam civil militia and the gov ernors of various charitable bodies.

The Trade between Amsterdam and Asia

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Shiva, Lord o f the Dance. India, 12th century. Bronze, 153 x 114.5 cm. Rijksmuseum-stichting Amsterdam

he Asian Art Department of the Rijksmuseum has been closed for five years. Only sixty objects have been on display in the temporary exhibition. Next year in April this Asian Art Collection, which is gttKKÊIMBf unique in the Netherlands, will begin a new career. Masons and other building workers are hard at work in the Hobbema Street at the rear of the Rijksmuseum. For five years the black, wrought-iron gate which is the separate entrance to the Asian collection was closed. It will open again next April. Visitors will then find themselves in a completely renovated department.

Renovations ‘One of the most important moves has been the installation of air conditioning, which is certainly a facility which cannot be done without these days’, says Pauline Lunsingh Scheurleer, head of the Asian Art Department. Marked fluctuations in temperature over a short period and levels of humidity which were either too high or too low almost proved fatal to some of the exhibits. One good example is a Japanese paper screen which began to tear because of the dryness of the air. Her word for the new way in which the objects are displayed is ‘Original’. There had been some talk of making a division into cate gories, with all the statuary grouped together, sub-grouped accord ing to the culture which produced them. The same would apply to paintings and to applied arts and crafts. ‘This should create an excit ing visual effect’, says Scheurleer. This is important because aesthet ics plays a decisive role in the Rijksmuseum. Another innovation is the provision of all sorts of facilities to make life easier for the visitor like a separate entrance, a lift, a shop, a lavatory and a cloakroom. The more detailed texts are another eye-catcher. These are the fruit of new Rijksmuseum policy which requires visitors have to be adequately informed about the art on display on the spot.

COLLECTIONS Asian Art Collection’, says Scheurleer. Conversant with the historical links with Asia they sometimes expect too much. Dutchmen did bring beautiful things back with them in the seventeenth century. At that time Amsterdam was the best place in the world to buy exotica. Ultimately the most interesting things were resold to princely hous es in Germany, France, England, and Poland. In the main these were mainly ethnographical artefacts and curiosities. Scheurleer: ‘The reason the Dutch went to Asia was to trade. They did not really come into contact with art. They also did not have a good eye for it’. The exception which proves the rule in this respect is the story of the seventeenth century collector Nicholaas Witsen, bur gomaster of Amsterdam. In his correspondence Scheurleer has read about wonderful Hindu statues from Kerala in South India. She does not know what became of the statues, but she does know their histo ry. The statues were taken as booty of war after a local ruler had been defeated by the Dutch. They came across the statues, which subse quently found their way to Amsterdam, in a ruined temple.

Museum o f Astatic Art The year 1952 marked an important moment in the history of the Asian Art Collection of the Rijksmuseum. The Society of Friends of Asian Art was granted permission to move its collection, consisting of 1450 pieces, to the Rijksmuseum where they set up an independent museum under the name: Museum of Asiatic Art. The contribution of the Society has been vital’, says Scheurleer. In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries most of the objects collected in Asia had been specially made for the export trade. Porcelain, in particular, was in great demand. The oldest part of the collection consists of Chinese porcelain, some 2500 pieces, from the Royer Collection. By contrast, the Society was only interested in the highlights of Asian culture. And this indeed is still its standpoint: to collect what is representative of a particular art period or art centre. A few very wealthy members of the society were extremely active at the beginning of this century. They travelled the length and breadth of Asia in their quest for objets dart and purchased the most beautiful pieces of art on sale in London and Berlin. ‘This was a time when everything could still be bought’, says Scheurleer. This was when the present, most outstanding pieces in the collection were acquired. The Rijksmuseum has had the collection of the Society on perma nent loan since 1972 and it also has a modest budget for further pur chases. In 1993, to mark the 75th anniversary of the Society’s exis tence, it was able to buy a pair of Japanese screens in conjunction with the museum. They are the work of an anonymous painter of the Unkoku School, c. 1630-1660.

Porcelain, under^laze blue. China, znd h a lf 14th century. 0 45.5 cm. Rijksmuseum-stichting

In the shadow o f the Nyhtw atch

Staff Director-General: Prof. H.W. van Os Head o f Asian Art Department:

Ms Dr Pauline Lunsingh Scheurleer Temporary curator: jan van Campen, M.A.

He is engaged in a study o f the J.Th. Royer Collection, the oldest part o f the museum’s Asian Collection. Royer was an eighteenth century Hague collector. It is hoped that Van Campen's research will lead to a doctorate.

The director of the National Museum in Delhi found himself pressed for time on a visit to Amsterdam. There were just two things in the Rijksmuseum which were an absolute must for him to see: The N yht Watch by Rembrandt and the more than one and a half metres high dancing Shiva from India, Chola dynasty, twelfth century. ‘Asian art is literally overshadowed by The Nyht Watch’, says Scheurleer alluding to the fact her department is situated directly behind the famous Rem brandt painting. It is the smallest and the most recent department in the Rijksmuseum, but the collection itself is comprised of absolutely outstanding, unique pieces. The origins of the Asian Department can be traced back to the Royal Cabinet of Curiosities which was founded by King William I. This was dispersed in 1883. When the present Rijksmuseum was built in 1885 it was apportioned a part of the non-Western collection, in this case the porcelain from what was known as the Royer Collection. The Rijksmuseum is famous for its works by seventeenth century painters like Rembrandt, Vermeer, Frans Hals, and Jan Steen. Apart from these the museum also has a Statuary Department, an Applied Arts and Crafts Department, and a Print Room, which at this moment has an exhibition of Japanese prints. The Department of Dutch History sketches the history of the Netherlands and of the Dutch in the East. Three of these five departments contain objects from Asia in their collections. The curators of these departments concern themselves with eastern items in passing, take for instance chintzes, coloured Indian cotton, or Delft blueware.

R ijk s m u s e u m A m s t e r d a m Hobbem astraat 22 Postbus 74888 1070 DN AMSTERDAM Tel: +31-20-6732121 Fax:+31-20-6798146 O p e n in g h o u r s O pened daily: 10am - 5pm

VOC^alleiy Brand new, just opened in fact, in the Department of Dutch History is the VOC gallery, which gives the visitor an idea of the business con ducted by the Dutch East India Company. As a matter of interest, the VOC made very little contribution to the present collection of Asian art. Indubitably, however, it was due to the VOC that the Netherlands has had contact with Asia since the sixteenth century. ‘Some overseas visitors who are aware of this fact are sometimes disappointed in the

Amsterdam

Torcelain While China takes pride of place in the collection of the Rijksmuseum, Japan comes in second. ‘Then there is a very large gap and then comes Indonesia’, says Scheurleer. There are also examples of the art of other Asian countries, including Korea, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Tibet, Thailand, and Cambodia. The greatest part of the Chinese collection consists of porcelain. ‘The Dutch were very interested in this’, confides Scheurleer, who also confirms that as far as Asia in concerned, China and Japan are always first past the post. The Netherlands is fortunate to possess a top Asian collection in the Rijksmuseum. Lunsingh Scheurleer is absolutely convinced of one thing: ‘Knowledge of Asian art in the Netherlands is extremely limited.’ She also sees no improvement in the situation in the near future. She claims there is a vicious circle. ‘In this country there are far too few opportunities for training in this field’, she says. This sort of study is disappearing in Amsterdam. Leiden does have one new course: ‘Non-Western art and material culture’. She is convinced that there is too little literature on this subject readily available in the Netherlands. At the moment small exhibitions are being planned, but what is occupying Scheurleer’s mind at the moment are the preparations for the opening of her Asian Art Department, at which 560 pieces of the collection will be on display, in April next year. In fact, the collection is so enormous and qualitatively of such a high standard that she is thinking of replacing most of the objects on display by others after two years.

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o f a warrior, Indonesia South-

Collection Tropenmuseum Southeast Asia. Photo:T. Haartsen.

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r he j>th O ctober 19 z6 was a festive day for Amsterdam. Queen Wilhelmina opened the Royal Colonial Institute. At that time it was the biggest building in the city, larger even than the Rijksmuseum or the station building. One important part of the Colonial Museum is now the Tropical Museum. Naturally enough, the emphasis in the institute and museum was laid on the Netherlands Indies, then the Netherlands’ most important colony, and there were also the colonies in the west: Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. As far as Southeast Asia is concerned, the bulk of the artefacts in the Tropical Museum are still those once brought from Indonesia, trailed far behind by the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and the border area of Thailand, Burma and Laos, which is the home of the ‘Hill Tribes’. After Indonesia became an independent Republic, both the insti tute and the museum found themselves in an identity crisis. In 1950 the names were changed to the Royal Tropical Institute and the Trop ical Museum. The idea behind this was that some of the knowledge which had been garnered in the former colonies could now be used in other tropical areas throughout the world including such topics as expertise in tropical agriculture and tropical diseases. In its earlier phase the Tropical Museum had been a trade museum containing tropical products such as bamboo, rattan, and tropical woods, which could be used to earn money. It later developed into an ethnological museum shifting its focus from the products to the people in the tropics, laying emphasis on the ordinary people, not the wealthy elites, the rulers, and the kings. The Tropical Museum was a centre which contained information about social, cultural, and economic developments in the tropics: an instrument through which public opinion in the Netherlands could be informed about and become interested in development aid. This is why a large proportion of its finances came from the Ministry of Development Cooperation.

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Entrance Tropenmuseum. Photo: P. Romijn, Fotobureau TM

Insular Southeast Asia collection Every year the Tropenmuseum attracts between 200,000 and 250,000 visitors. This makes it the most visited ethnographical museum in the Netherlands. In fact, the museum staff prefer to use the designa tion anthropological museum. ‘To us ‘ethnographic’ sounds rather stuffy’, says Ruben Smit, from the public relations department of the museum. ‘Anthropological’ is also preferred because the aim of the

Mask o f the Kenya-Dayak from Central Kalimantan.

Staff Director: H.j. Gortzak Curator Southeast Asia and Oceania:

F.M. Cowan, M.A. Curator Southeast Asia:

Ms W. H. Kal, M.A. Textile Curator:

Ms I.C. van Hout, M.A. Curators o f Southeast Asian Musicology:

F.P.C.M.van Lamsweerde, M.A. Collection

and Ms E.L. den O tter, M.A.

Tropenmuseum

T ropenm useum Royal T rop ical I n s t i t u t e

Southeast Asia. Photo: Irene de Groot,

U n n a eu sstraa t 2 AMSTERDAM T e l:+ 3 1-2 0 -5 6 8 8 2 15 Fax:+31-20-5688331

O p en in g h o u rs M onday / Friday: 10am - 5pm Saturday / Sunday: 12pm - 5pm

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Tropical Museum Hornbill o f the Iban Dayak from Kalimantan.

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Tropenmuseum Southeast Asia. Photo: Lo Lange/ Tropenmuseum

museum is: to provide the visitor with information about the daily lives, the ups and downs of ordinary people. The Tropenmuseum is a private institution and this does not simplify matters financially. ‘When it’s all said and done the museum fulfils a public function’, says Smit. The visitor pays ten guilders to come in, but he or she costs thirty. Sometimes sponsorship from the business community takes care of some of the income in which case the logo of the business may be displayed on publications and the business can also organize special evenings in the museum for its clients. The Tropenmuseum is famous for its ‘Insular Southeast Asia Collection’. All the artefacts have been catalogued; the social and cul tural background is recorded. In the 1970s plans were mooted for making the museum a ‘Third World Information Centre’. ‘That idea was later abandoned because there is no denying that it is the materi al culture, the artefacts, which carry the institution’, Smit explains. The library of the Royal Tropical Institute has a large map collec tion for Asia, especially Indonesia. Staff maps, old army maps, are on a scale of 1/50,000 or 1/25,000. The library of the Royal Tropical Institute is the largest devoted to non-Western topics in the Netherlands. At the moment the TropenMuseum houses a number of perma nent exhibitions: Southeast Asia, Oceania, South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. These permanent displays are elaborated by a number of thematic exhibi tions like ‘Music, Dance, and Theatre’, which includes a complete gamelan orchestra, and ‘Man and Environment’. The museum also organizes a wide variety of activities and events in the form of lec tures about exhibitions, children’s days, workshops and music, Travellers’ Information and Travellers’ Days, to name but a few. Plans are afoot to rearrange the world famous textile department. The Indonesian ikats and batiks are of outstanding quality. Next year an enormous special exhibition devoted to puppet theatre through out the world is planned.

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PosterJava-China-Japan line. Vereeniging Nederlandsch Historisch Scheepvaart Museum.

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S far as the Netherlands Maritime Museum is concerned, Asia is the most important part of the word’, says Dr Els van Eyck van HesÊ Ê linga, director of collections of this museum. jflK y since the end of the sixteenth century right up to this very day, most Dutch ships have been Asiabound. ‘Wherever you look in the museum you see Asia, claims Van Eyck, who has two posters of Dutch ships which once plied the route to the former Netherlands Indies decorating her room. The museum is particularly proud of the collection which relates to voyages to the Netherlands Indies. Van Eyck sums it up in three categories: ‘Models of ships, maps, and photos. She believes that many researchers are completely unaware of the contents of this extensive collection. Nor should the various travel accounts, includ ing those dealing with the country itself, be forgotten. It is a gold mine for people interested in doing cultural anthropological research. The Netherlands Maritime Museum lies on the edge of historical Amsterdam, on the Oostdok (the Eastern Dock). It is housed in the former Zeemagazijn (Chandler’s Stores), an imposing building in classical style dating from 1656, which for centuries served as a stor age place for ship’s stores and supplies for the Dutch navy. Tied up at the wharf are a number of authentic ships and a full-size replica of the Dutch East Indiaman (‘VOC-retourschip’) the ‘Amsterdam’.

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‘Asia is the most Staff Director-General : J. Bakker, M.A. Director of Collections:

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Ms D r E. van Eyck van Heslinga Maritime Information Centre: J. van Zijveden, M.A.

N ederlands S ch eep v a a rt M useum A m sterd a m (N eth erla n d s M aritim e M useum A m sterd a m ) K attenburgerplein I 1018 KK AMSTERDAM T el.-.+31-20-523231 I Fax : +31-20-5232213

O penin gshours Tuesday / Saturday: 10am - 5pm Sunday: 12pm - 5pm

JAVA-CHINA-JABW

part o f the

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Rich sources fo r study Dr Van Eyck van Heslinga says: ‘The collection of the Maritime Museum contains roughly 300,000 objects, divided into six categories. Only 10 per cent of these can be displayed in the permanent exhibi tions, but the depot collections may be visited by researchers who want to investigate the history of the (maritime) connections between the Netherlands and all the four corners of the world. The collections ofbooks and manuscripts contain unique books and man uscripts, including a plethora of travel accounts. The map and globe collections form a rich source from which to study the development of cartography. More than 800 model ships and model half-ships doc ument the history of shipbuilding down the centuries. Accurate blueprints of almost every type of ship (c. 80,000) can now be very eas ily traced in the computer. Resorting to the help of paintings (550), prints (4,000), and draw ings (4,000) researchers can identify data that are not represented in the written sources. This is equally true of the photo collection, which also includes photos ofdom estic’ Asian scenes. Finally the sec tion ‘realia’ contains all sorts of artefacts, archaeological finds, glass ware, coins and medals, furniture and so forth. The present research policy of the museum is concentrated on investigations which combine the use of written sources and materi al remains which gives a ‘richer’ result. The Yearbook for 1994 is a good example of this: ‘The Cross Staff: history and development of a nautical instrument'. Every year the museum receives something in the region of 6,000 inquiries asking for information and help with research in the broad field of maritime history. Many of these questions have to do with relations with Asian countries through the centuries.

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Museum Bronbeek

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The colonial military history of Indonesia demies has been too little and too sporadic, claims Dirk Staat, the first official curator to be * appointed at the Bronbeek Museum. He thinks they have not yet found the way to Arnhem. ‘Not nearly enough is known about Bronbeek’, he states ruefully: ‘The collection has not always been too readily accessible.’ The Bronbeek Museum is now undergoing a very drastic renovation; which will also mean that the photograph and map archives as well as the unique library will be much easier to visit. Staat is also planning to open a documentation centre in two years' time. ■

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Islamic monster cannons Curator Staat refers to the contents of the museum as a kaleidoscope collection, of which three-quarters has an Indonesian provenance. The dominant note is set by the colonial-military element borne wit ness to by banners, uniforms, arms and cannons, including those that were taken as spoils of war. This martial emphasis is the reason that the Bronbeek collection contains more than 100 krisses, includ ing some qualitatively superlative examples. The collection of fifteen Islamic monster cannons is unique in the world. Once they formed part of a royal gift from the sultan of Turkey to the sultan of Aceh, from whom they were plundered in 1873. Only in Istanbul and London are there still a few of these weapons that have an overall length of between five and ten metres. The ethnographic collection houses such things as clothing, household utensils, tools, and musical instruments. Natural history is represented by panther skins, shells, and snake skins. Bronbeek Museum displays the colonial past of the Netherlands, with the emphasis laid on the Netherlands Indies and the Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL), but Suriname and the West Indies are also not forgotten. The Royal Retirement Home for Old Soldiers Bronbeek was origi nally a nursing home for ex-members of the KNIL. It was built on the Bronbeek estate which wrs presented in 1859 by King William III to the state for the purpose of establishing a Colonial Invalids House, where retired soldiers (called invaliden) from the former Netherlands East and West Indies would be well looked after. In those days there were about 200 of them, now there are still around forty.

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Dirk Staat, M.A. ^M useum B ronbeek M useum o f th e Royal R etirem en t H om e for Old S old iers Velperweg 147 6824 MB ARNHEM Tel: +31-26-3840840 Fax: +31-26-3840890 O pen in gsh ou rs Tuesday / Sunday: 9am - 5pm (closed between 12pm - 12.30pm) Closed on Monday

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The basis of the present collection was laid in 1863 by the inmates of the house who presented arms and decorations to the museum. The Ministry of Colonies and many private persons also made contribu tions in the form of gifts. The museum, which receives some 25,000 visitors a year, is in the process of renovation. The building, which was constructed as a nurs ing home, is being adapted to the demands of a present-day museum. It was only a short while ago that numerous artefacts were displayed in the corridors, staircases, and dormitories. One very important feature in the renovation is the transforma tion of the dormitories into exhibition rooms. They have new floors, windows, different lighting, and better temperature regulation. The adaptation is being supervised by Dirk Staat: ‘The problem with Bronbeek so far has been that art and awfulness have been mixed up together.’ A lot of the junk has been shown the door during the renovation. Nevertheless, Staat still wants to give the visitor an idea of the way people thought about colonialism in the 19th century. ‘I want to keep on telling what happened’, he says. ‘But we have to get rid of the idea that Bronbeek is a bastion of conservatism.’ He believes that there is an enormous lack of knowledge about the KNIL. He plans to do something about this. He stresses: ‘Understanding of our colonial past is important.’ The colonies had a huge impact on the Netherlands. Staat: ‘The Netherlands is the only country in the world where you order chips with peanut sauce.’

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he Ethnological M useum in Delft concentrates entirely on Indonesian cultures, which makes it unique of its kind. The collection is now more than 130 years old and initially it served as background instructional material for the training of future civil servants for the Netherlands Indies. The collection can be divided into four sections. The first of these covers tribal cultures and includes ancestor statues, magical objects, and masks. There are also gold ornaments and richly decorated sar cophagi. The second section encompasses those cultures which have been influenced by Islam. Highlights are the important wedding collec tions from West and South Sumatra, as well as the silverwork from the Riau Archipelago. The third section is devoted to Bali with a domestic temple, a palanquin for princesses, elegant examples of carving, and a plethora of ritual objects. Java is the theme of the last section which contains a Javanese bri dal bed, diamond jewellery, fine copperwork, krisses, and the famous wayang collection. The museum also has an outstanding collection of textiles.

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The birdjatayu with on his back Princes Sita. Bali. Collection Volkenkundig Museum Nusantara.

Travelling to Indonesia

Staff The museum is a section o f the Delft Municipal Museum, o f which the director is D.H.A.C. Lokin, M.A. Curator Indonesia is Pirn W esterkamp, M.A. whose specialization is Javanese dance masks.

V olken ku nd ig M u s eu m N u san tara St Agathaplein 4-5 2611 HR DELFT T el:+31-15-2602375 F a x :+ 31-15-2138744

O p e n in g s h o u r s Tuesday - Saturday: I Oam - 5 pm Sunday: I pm - 5pm

Among the other treasures in the museum are a unique collection of models of houses and ships and tools which were once part of the cur riculum for civil servants. They are regularly on display in temporary exhibitions or are loaned to other museums. One of the most note worthy is the collection of the tools pertaining to a kris-smith, which consists not only of instruments from 1880 but also contains much more recent examples. Among the most outstanding features of the collection are the bronze kettle-drum from the Dong Son Period (500 b c -AD 100] and an ancestor statue once brought from Seram by a Protestant minister, but now no one knows exactly where its provenance was. The museum regularly receives trainees from the universities, the majority of them from Leiden from the Department of the Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania and from Anthropology. Pim Westerkamp, the curator says: ‘Not all students have the finan cial means to be able to travel to Indonesia.’ He or she is always wel come to pay a visit to Delft. The Museum can, however, also help with the preparations for a trip. Westerkamp says: ‘We have a huge amount of information at our disposal. Why invent the wheel afresh? The regular interest shown by students at German universities is also remarkable. The well-stocked museum library can also be visited by appoint ment.

invent the wheel afresh?'

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Japanese porcelain, underglaze blue, depicting the village ‘Zandvoort’. Ca 1720-30. 0 19.8 cm.

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1 he G roninger M useum contains a unique collec tion o f Asian porcelain which was shipped to the Netherlands by the Dutch East India Company in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The porHHHf celain is an im portant component o f the Applied Arts and Crafts Pavilion, which also houses other fascinating objects expressing the interaction between east and west.

COLLECTIONS ‘Our primary aim with the porcelain is to show what porcelain meant for the overall Dutch culture', says Jörg. In the seventeenth cen tury porcelain was ornamental; by the eighteenth it had become a household item which everybody could afford. ‘Wherever you dig in the Netherlands, you will always find some shreds of porcelain’, he claims. And he emphasizes, ‘You should not see this porcelain in isolation.’ The VOC traded in huge quantities, in bulk. And to make sure there are no misunderstandings: ‘Porcelain was never more than six per cent of the total profit o f the VOC. Under no circumstances should the VOC ever be seen as an art dealer.’ Jörg is fascinated by the interaction between Asia and the Nether lands. ‘Often Dutch people no longer even recognize the Asian ele ment.’ To illustrate his point he cites the traditional costumes worn in the Dutch village of Bunschoten, which includes a lot of chintz. Chintz is coloured cotton cloth that came originally from India. Jörg: ‘Eastern material, motifs and shapes all had a profound influence on arts and crafts, both in the Netherlands and in other European countries. This was a two-way process. Eastern artists could also be influenced by the West. This reciprocal exchange is the most im portant theme in the Groningen collection and fascinating examples of it are on exhibition. Take, for instance, the Chine de Commende, Eastern porcelain made to order. There is a porcelain beer tankard from China, a Chinese tulip vase, and Chinese porcelain bearing the coat of arms of a Groning en family. Looking in the other direction we come across Japanese prints with perspective, that was unknown in Japan, or even a bowl for the tea ceremony, ordered in Delft by the Japanese.

S u itable fo r research Export porcelain Have you ever visited a museum where long white -floor to ceilingcurtains hang in swathes? Or stranger still: a museum in which an aquarium is sunk into the floor? The new ‘alum inium ’ Applied Arts and Crafts Pavilion o f the recently opened Groninger Museum is something rather special. This universal art museum opened its doors on 29th October 1994. It was designed by the Italian Alessandro Mendini; while the circular Applied Arts and Crafts Pavilion is the work of the French guest-architect Philippe Starck. Below the water o f the aquarium in this pavilion lie a dozen or so Chinese porcelain plates, some of them whole, others only halves. ‘They come from the wreck o f the VOC ship the ‘Geldermalsen”, explains Dr Christiaan Jörg, head o f collections in the museum. Jörg was appointed curator in Groningen in 1977, after completing his degree in art history and his doctoral research into ‘porcelain as a commercial item ’. He enjoys a word-wide reputation as an expert in the craft which the VOC shipped in such quantities to the Nether lands. He him self refers to this product as ‘export porcelain’. In 1986 he was involved in the auction of the cargo o f porcelain found in the wreck of the East Indiaman the ‘Geldermalsen’, which was discovered on the bed o f the South China Sea. He was able to obtain one piece of every sort o f ceramic it carried for the museum. To make the museum ‘more exciting’ some o f these now lie in the aquarium. Jörg has no complaints about the emphasis th at Starck has exerted on the form, both interior and exterior. ‘The visitors are enchanted by it’, he claims. Just consider the facts. The Groninger Museum has attracted 1000 vis itors every day, since the opening no less than 250,000 have crossed its threshold. He recollects the remark made by Starck who, one day upon leaving the building o f the famous Musée Guimet in Paris after a visit, found him self in the m idst o f a funfair. Jörg: ‘He found the funfair a great deal more stim ulating than the museum he had ju st visited.’ This is why he was so keen to make the porcelain room so ‘exciting’. ‘Thanks to the thriftiness o f the people of the north o f the Nether lands, the Groninger Museum possesses a unique collection of Eastern porcelain’, Christiaan Jörg is firmly convinced. At the end o f the eight eenth century, Asian porcelain was no longer in fashion in the Nether lands. First it was stored away in the cellar, later it was simply thrown away. However, in the N orth Netherlands people knew that grandma and grandpa had once paid a lot of money for it, which persuaded their heirs not to throw it away. This is how the collection o f Asian porce lain in the Groninger Museum, consisting o f more than 8000 pieces, of which 600 are on perm anent exhibition, was created around 1900 built up from the gifts o f private collectors. It is a very special collection, not least because Jörg and his predecessors have had the chance to work on it for a total of seventy-five years.

Dr Christiaan Jörg. Head o f Collections o f the Groninger M useum.

K O NI N G EN

S taff Director:

Jörg has no plans for an exhibition so shortly after the opening of the museum. His first priority is to complete his collection. He does, how ever, hope to compile a catalogue of the collection w ithin two years. This should contain a good cross-section, which will demonstrate emphatically the variety and the international importance o f the col lection. Anyone who thinks about ceramics, porcelain is one of the forms of ceramics, in the N orth Netherlands, indubitably finds their thoughts turning to the Municipal Museum Het Princessehof in the Frisian capital o f Leeuwarden. ‘The Princessehof is the creation o f one collec tor. He bought one example o f ceramics of every time and every era. The collection contains examples o f the whole o f ceramic history. The Groningen collection is specialized in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is more of a documentary, following more in the art his tory line, and more suitable for study’, in Jörg’s opinion. For his research and publications in the field of Eastern porcelain, Jörg has recently received the Vuurslag, the most prestigious art histo ry prize in the Netherlands. He is planning to use the sum attached to the prize, 25,000 guilders, to conduct research on Japanese lacquer ware w ith Oliver Impey o f the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and Cynthia Viallc o f Leiden University. The VOC archives teem with information on this subject. He points to a chest-of-drawers in the museum with Eastern motives. At first glance its provenance would seem to be Japan, but it was made in the Netherlands. In the seven teenth century Asia exercised a great influence on Western Europe, which was by no means restricted to the field of the applied arts and crafts. Ideas from that part o f the world began to be disseminated. Was it not Voltaire who said that the Chinese method o f government was ideal? The Netherlands played a role in this, for was it not here, blessed by freedom o f the press, that countless richly illustrated travel accounts about Asia were published. Those w ritten by Nieuhof, Dap per, and M ontanus are ju st a few examples. These books were pub lished in large numbers and found a ready market throughout the whole of Europe. Jörg, fascinated by the interaction between Asia and Europe, says: ‘Asia has become an inextricable part o f our culture.’

F.J.J.M. Haks

Porcelain and Dutch culture

H ead o f Collections: D r C h r.J.A .jörg

H e t G r o n i n g e r M u s eu m Museumland I P.O. Box 90 9700 ME GRONINGEN Tel: +31-50-3666555 Fax: +31-50-3120815 O p e n in g s h o u r s Tuesday I Sunday: 10am — 5 p m Closed on M onday

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‘The strength of the collection lies its variety’, says Jörg. Groningen possesses all sorts o f this export porcelain from China and Japan. O f some pieces there is not ju st one example, but up to twelve, all showing different slight variations. The porcelain is a reflection o f the sorts of wares which were bought by the Dutch in the seventeenth and eight eenth centuries. In the seventeenth century the Netherlands was the world trade centre for porcelain as the result of the trade o f the Dutch East India Company, the VOC, which sold no less than a million pieces here annually, at a time when the total population of the Netherlands was only about three million. Much of the porcelain was resold to other European countries, which also makes the collection intriguing for for eign researchers, who are showing an ever greater interest in it.

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Tulip vase. Chinese porcelain, decorated in under^laze blue. Qin,g dynasty, Kangxi period, end 17th century. Height41.5 cm. Collection Groninger Museum. Photo:John Stoel.

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erardus van der Leeuw’ is the only ethnological museum in the north of the Netherlands. The aim of the museum, which first opened its doors in 1978, is to foster public understanding of other cultures. The core of the collection is composed of ethnographica from throughout the whole world. These are on display in two large rooms. One of these is devoted to Indonesia, the Philippines, and Tai wan; while the other is specialized in the Pacific Islands, New Guinea, Australia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

COLLECTIONS

Ancestorfigure/guard, statue. Fu^ao, the Philippines

Part o f the University o f Groningen The total collection of the museum, which is part of the University of Groningen, contains 10,000 objects; of which a third has an Asian provenance. Gerardus van de Leeuw was a professor at Groningen University. The collection has been built up from three large collections. The foundations of the museum were laid by Prof Th.W. Baaren, who was a professor in the Theological Faculty of the university, to which he presented his collection in 1968. It now forms the heart of the collec tion and contains artefacts from the aboriginals of Taiwan and the Philippines in particular. They are unique in the Netherlands, com prising such things as ancestor statues, doors, panels, everyday uten sils and tools decorated with symbolic motifs. Van Baaren had a par ticular interest in preliterate cultures, of which the most striking in this collection are the artefacts he collected among the Dayaks. The second part of the collection comes from Deventer, from the now defunct School of Colonial Agriculture, where once civil servants were trained to take up a position in Indonesia. The most remarkable part of this collection are the agricultural implements. The third part of the collection, containing large quantities of Asian textiles, was presented to the museum by the Prinscessehof in Leeuwarden, which gave its entire ethnographic collection to this museum. The director, Mrs Arnoldussen, confirms that foreign researchers show a regular interest in the collections. She is not at all surprised when someone rings from Russia, Switzerland, or Germa ny. Her only comment is that: ‘Groningen is a bit far for Dutch schol ars.’

'Asia has become an

inextricable part o f our culture/

Staff Director: Mrs.V. Arnoldussen

V olken ku nd ig M useu m G e r a r d u s van d e r L ee u w

Nieuwe Kijk in ’t Jatstraat 104 9712 SL GRONINGEN Tel: +31-50-53635791 O p e n in g s h o u r s Tuesday / Friday: 10am - 4pm Saturday / Sunday: I pm - 5pm

Small box, Ami, Taiwan

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H istory o f Chinese ceramics The collection of Chinese porcelain in Leeuwarden offers a complete survey of the history of Chinese ceramics in chronological order, starting with earthenware and stoneware from the Han Dynasty up to and including porcelain from the Republic (1912-1949). There are splendid examples to be seen from all the other periods in between, including the light green glazed and finely decorated pieces (celadon] from the Song Period (960-1279) and the famous blue and white por celain of the Ming Dynasty (13158-11544). It is surmised that some of the vases were once used at the imperial court in Peking. Throughout the centuries’ long production of porcelain in China there have been innumerable variations in styles, forms, and tech niques, which have never been equalled in their variety by any other country. It is not for nothing that Chinese porcelain is world famous and renowned for its quality and beauty. This diversity is clearly vis ible in the Princessehof Apart from the chronological arrangement there are separate rooms with displays of trade ceramics from China and Japan. These were the ceramic wares which were commercial trade items within Asia utensils or could also be exported. ‘Swatow and celadon were much in demand in Indonesia’, recounts Borstlap. Another remark able feature is the very large collection of Chine de Commande, namely porcelain made to order in China or Japan for the European market.

he Princessehof is the only museum in the Netherlands which specializes in ceramics. It is housed in a historical complex of buildings which served as the town palace of Princess Maria Louise of Hesse-Kassel, the widow of the stadholder of Friesland Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange, in the eighteenth century. The museum was founded by the Leeuwarden art collector and solicitor Nanne Ottema. Through his deep understanding of busi ness and financial possibilities he laid the foundations of a museum which is truly unique in Europe. In a little over thirty rooms the large collections of earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain are presented in the context of their production, trade, and use. The curator, A.V. Borst lap, sums up the collection in the words: ‘O f each period and style, at least one representative item.’ In the European section earthenware and porcelain from the Netherlands, Germany, England, France, Portugal, and Italy is dis played. The tile section as a whole is the greatest collection of tiles in Europe. The museum offers a survey of the development of Chinese ceramics from the time of the Han Dynasty (206 b c - a d 220) up to the beginning of the twentieth century. Besides this there are collections of Japanese, Vietnamese, and Thai ceramics to be seen. The display areas for Asian porcelain are spread over two floors in six different rooms. The Asian part of the collection is decidedly larg er than the European. About 1500 pieces from the museum’s collec tion of some 8000 pieces of Asian ceramics are exhibited.

Entrance o f the Museum Het Princessehof - Leeuwarden. Photo: Het Princessehof

Pilgrims bottle. Porcelain. China, Qian long (1736-1795). 1

Photo:Johan v.d.Veer. Collection M useum Het Princessehof.

V ietnam ese ceramics

Staff Director:

J.A. Mulder Curator o f Asian Porcelain:

Ms A.V. Borstlap, M.A. M u s eu m h e t P r i n c e s s e h o f G rote K erkstraat I I 8911 DZ LEEUWARDEN Tel.: +31-58-2127438 Fax: +31-58-2122281 O p e n in g s h o u r s M onday

Saturday: I Oam

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1 0

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Specialist in ceramics

It is perhaps less well known that the Princessehof possesses a unique collection of Vietnamese ceramics. Nonetheless, Borstlap claims that: Everybody throughout the world who is engaged in the study of ceramics visits the Princessehof] because it is a top museum.’ From the 8th December 1995 to 25th February 1996 there will be an exhibition entitled ‘The Mongol Empire during the Yuan Dynasty (1279- i3<58) . This exhibition will bring to life a period in which China and Persia were ruled by the Mongols, nomads who had overrun and conquered large areas of Asia within a very short time. During the Yuan Period China and Persia formed part of the great Mongol - Empire. The exhibition will show the influence the Mongols had on the various forms of art, especially ceramics. New developments during the Yuan Dynasty had a lasting influence. The production of por celain was increasingly oriented towards producing for the foreign market, introducing new decorations and new forms. Technical progress in the process of production and the use of cobalt blue from Persia created the justly famous blue and white porcelain. Cobalt blue changed the face of Chinese porcelain. The exhibition does not concentrate just on ceramics and other applied arts from the time of the Yuan Dynasty, but also looks at the way of life of the Mongols, then and now.

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Samurai, unpleasantly surprised by toad on His shoulder, grabs his sword. Netsuke, ivory. National Museum for Ethnology, Leiden. Photo: Ben Crishaaver

£ he National Museum for Ethnology, which was founded in 1843, is the oldest ethnological museum in the world. The collection is of great importance to every scientist whose work involves Asia. Unfortunately this is far too little known. In the case of Japan the museum even houses a unique time-capsule. Recently there was a telephone call from a curator in Japan who was at his wits’ end. He was in pursuit of a pre-Meiji umbrella from circa 1800, but there was not one to be found in the whole of Japan. The Leiden curator Matthi Forrer was able to set his mind at rest. The National Museum has no less than eight!

Time Capsule

DrM atthi Forrer, curatorJapanese Art of the National Museum /o r Ethnology, Leiden

S taff Director: D r S.B. Engelsman Head Curator: D r R.M.A. Bedaux Asia alphabetically: D r N. Chutiwongs - South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia P.L.F. van Dongen, M.A. - China D r M. Forrer - Japanese Art P. te r Keurs, M.A. - Insular Southeast Asia R.M. Munneke, M.A. - Southwest and Central Asia K.Vos, M.A. - Japan and Korea

N atio n al M useum fo r Ethnology S te e n stra a t I P.O. Box 2 1 2 ,2 3 0 0 LEIDEN Tel: +31-71-5168800 Fax: + 31-71-5128437

O p e n in g sh o u rs Tuesday / Friday: 10am - 5pm Saturday / Sunday: 12pm - 5pm Closed on Monday

Overseas curators and scholars studying Japan all know about the Early Japanese Collection of the National Museum for Ethnology from books or stories. Once they have actually set foot in Leiden, they spring from one surprise to the next when they are conducted round the depot with the 25,000‘Early Japanese artefacts. They are interest ed in our collection but they certainly don’t know enough about i t , is Forrer’s experience. He recounts: I was struck by this again only last week with a colleague from Boston, USA, who wanted to see our Japa nese paintings. She had read about our Early Japanese Collection, but when she actually set eyes on it her amazement knew no bounds. Forrer, who is attached to the National Museum for Ethnology as curator of Japanese art has not seen all the collection himself But he knows: ‘You name, we have it.’ The collection, which contains many everyday items, ranges from carpenter’s tools to brush-holders, old shoes, clothes and tooth-brushes. And the unique thing is that these artefacts are no longer to be found in their country of origin. As far as Japan is concerned, we have a unique time- capsule , says Forrer. The high quality of the 8000 prints dating from the pre-Meiji era is also a rare possession. They give an outstanding picture of life in Japan around 1800. They answer such questions as: What was a street scene like? What was fashionable? ‘You can see the woodblock prints as a reference book for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , For rer claims. What makes this all the more exciting is that: ‘You come across the items you see illustrated when you re nosing around in the depot', he says. Scientists throughout the whole world eventually find their way to the museum. In this sense the museum undeniably serves as a study centre. At least a couple of times a month Forrer has appoint ments for research with an overseas colleague.

V o n S ie b o Id Another striking feature is the regular attention paid to the collec tion by the Japanese media. This undoubtedly has to do with the fact that in 1996 the 200th anniversary of the birth of the German physi cian Von Siebold is being celebrated. While in the service of the Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij (the Dutch Trading Company], the successor to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), Phillip Franz von Siebold’s mission was to gather information. In fact, he was a commercial spy. The Dutch ‘merchant king’, William I, who reigned from 1815-1840, wanted to stimulate trade with Japan. To do so much more was needed to be known about that country. Von Siebold was instructed to collect minerals and ores. His interest in Japanese culture also led to the fact that he began to make a study of everyday items. This is how his collection came to form the foundation for the Leiden museum, the first ethnological museum in the world. Later his collection was supplemented by that of Cock Blomhoff, from 1817-1824 deputy-merchant on Deshima, the artificial island off the Japanese coast near Nagasaki, from where the Dutch were the only Western country allowed to conduct trade with Japan. It would be impossible to leave Asia without also mentioning the Chinese collection of Jean Theodore Royer, as this contains interest ing pieces from before 1800.

COLLECTIONS Tke Indonesian collection The National Museum for Ethnology possesses ethnographical and archaeological artefacts from almost all areas where man has lived out side Europe. However, Asia is the area best represented. Forrer: ‘The larg est collection is the Indonesian’. Indonesia was once the largest Dutch colony and the headquarters in Asia of the Dutch East India Company was established in Batavia. The Indonesian collection can be divided into two large, separate sections: the one containing the internationally renowned Indo-Javanese pieces, consisting principally of statues large and small from the many temples in Java (9th to 16th century) and a large number of other artefacts used in religious ceremonies. The other is made up of the large collection of ordinary, everyday objects and tex tiles, which are also important because of the early date at which they were collected, representing the cultures on the various islands, some obtained as the spoils of military actions, some by colonial civil servants, and some by missionaries. Until the Colonial Museum was assigned more collections at the end of last century and the beginning of this, it also received contributions from the Batavian Society for the Arts and Sciences, the predecessor of the present National Museum in Jakarta. The Indonesian and Japanese collections take pride of place in the museum. ‘They are unique in the world because of their size and their obvious coherence’, says the curator who explains that it is a good thing that the Netherlands possesses such as an Asiatic collection. ‘This collec tion is the product of historical factors’, he declares. ‘It is valuable that Europeans are able to come here and make the acquaintance of other cultures. Even more importantly, a number of the artefacts here have had the chance to survive.’ To illustrate his remarks in the case of Asia, he points out the artefacts associated with cremation. These have long disappeared in Asia; they have been preserved in the museum. Or, for something entirely different: take the items from the Early Japanese period, including the series of sixteen two-hundred year old tooth brushes: large ones for the men, smaller for the women. In Japan these have long been thrown away, not a single one has survived. The only possibility is that some have been included in the imperial collection, but that is not open to the public. Japan and Indonesia both take pride of place in the National Museum for Ethnology. Did the Dutch have a great admiration for Japa nese culture? Forrer: ‘The Dutch were interested in the coherence and pattern of Japanese society. They thought that it was different but not inferior. They were really interested, but at a distance. Their relationship with Indonesia was different. This land was colonized. The Dutch found the natives pleasant, well-intentioned but also lazy and unpredictable.

Netsuke On the way to the exhibition of‘Netsuke‘, Japanese belt toggles, the cura tor affirms that he has never regretted that he chose to study Asia. He stops for a moment to listen to the darkly vibrant sounds of the gamelan on the first floor, and then continues: ‘Asia is an enormous area with great, highly varied cultures.’ Asian countries have written languages and a rich recorded history. Just take the wealth ofinformation which is available about Tokyo around 1800, when it was perhaps the largest city in the world with 1.2 million inhabitants. One of the exhibitions now in the pipeline takes Tokyo as its theme. ‘Toto Tokyo. Metropolis c. 17001800’, is the working title. In the garden he gestures towards a Japanese pagoda, which perhaps may have to make way for new buildings, a fate also awaiting the beautiful Japanese trees, including a full-grown, dark red maple. The renovations which are estimated at a cost of more than 50 million guilders, have to be ready on the 1st April 2000. When the museum is rearranged the curators from all the various culture areas will collaborate with each other because interaction between various cultures is going to be one of the new exhibition themes in the museum. The Leiden Museum has 900 netsuke in all. These belt toggles devel oped into miniature works of art. This year 300 are being exhibited in rotation. As we gaze into the glass case at the netsuke, Forrer indicates a man with a magnifying glass. He has already seen him here a couple of times before. Forrer: ‘A museum is not to be marched through. That man is looking with a magnifying glass, each visit is a real adventure for him.’Discovery is what is most important to the curator. Forrer: ‘A mu seum is a place in which you discover things.’

Ancestor statues of the Barbar, Leti, and Sermata Islands. Southeast Moluccas.

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Krölier-Müller Museum

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he National Museum Kröller-Müller, which is situated in the nature reserve the Hoge Veluwe National Park, was originally the private estate of Mr. and Mrs. Kröller-Müller. In 1935 Mrs. Kröller presented her art collection to the state, which built a museum to house it in the Hoge Veluwe. The collection includes a series of Van Goghs, Mondriaan, Van der Leek, Seurat, and Toorop. The most eyecatching of the objects from Asia is the collection of Chinese statues, but the museum also has objects d a r t from Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand.

COLLECTIONS

Asian art as a footnote to the museum

Inspiration fro m Asian art Indubitably the highlights of this museum are its European paint ings and statues, but the Asian art is also on permanent display. It is part of a collection which has a special interest because some Western artists allowed themselves to be inspired by Asian art. Ralph Keuning, head of information, describes this Asian element as a footnote to the museum. His thesis is that: ‘The Kröller-Müller Museum is an inter national museum and Asian art must be part of it.’ One intriguing example of modern Asian art is the recent work of the Chinese artist Huang Yong Ping, who was inspired by Chinese funerary sculpture displayed in a museum. Outside the museum, exactly opposite the museum, he built an upside down Chinese tomb from concrete. It was created as part of the exhibition ‘Heart of Darkness which showed the work of artists from the four corners of the earth, including Asia.

H u a n g Y ong Ping

Photo: Cary Markerink

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B iir» S taff Director-General:

Dr Evert J. van Straaten •

Deputy-Director:

Jaap Brenner, M.A. Curators:

Marianne Brouwer, M.A - sculpture Toos van Kooten, M.A. - work on paper K röller-M ülle r M u s e u m Houtkampweg 6 673 I AW OTTERLO

Tel: +31-318-591241 Fax: +31-318-591515 O p e n in g s h o u r s

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Tuesday / Sunday: I Oam - 5pm Closed on Monday

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NS6 • Supplement

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Boymans-van Beuningcn

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Chinese Vase, 15112-1916. Donated by Dr C. de Stuers. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen. Photo:Tom Haartsen.

or m any decades Oriental porcelain formed

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part of the museum’s permanent exhibition, both in the areas devoted to the applied arts as in the painting galleries. Gradually it had to cede place for newer exhibits. Lack of space meant that priority had to be given to Western art, both fine and applied. Some the Oriental por celain still continued to be displayed as an illustration of the enor mous influence this art form had on European ceramics. Because the collection is not on permanent exhibition, it is not widely enough known, not even among experts in the field of Oriental art and ceramics’, says Dr J.R. Termolen, the interim director of this Rotter dam museum which owes its double-barrelled name to two art col lectors. In 1847 F.J.O. Boymans bequeathed his collection to the city of Rotterdam, thus stimulating the foundation of the museum. In 1958 the collection of D.G. van Beuningen was bought to add to it. Exam ples of classical paintings and statuary stretch from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The multi-facetted collection of applied arts, containing such items as majolica, pewter, glass, and silver pro vides a stroll down the centuries.

Polychrome Kangxi porcelain After studying the collection of Oriental porcelain, the expert Dr Christiaan Jörg reached the conclusion that while some styles are very well represented others are not found in it at all or only to a very limited extent. The explanation for this lies in that fact that there has always been a need, even in days gone by, to make choices when pur chasing for museum collections, and in the case of gifts the museum accepted collections which had already been formed. Despite the gaps, Jörg was able to confirm that the Museum Boymans-van Beun ingen shelters some hidden jewels, possessing some objects of high quality and great rarity. Recently he made a selection for his book Oosters porcelein. Een keuze uit de verzameling van het Museum Boymansvan Beuningen [Oriental Porcelain. A choice from the collection in the Museum Boymans-van Beuningen]. In this Jörg remarks: In the case of the Chinese porcelain it is striking that the seventeenth century egg-shell and transitional porcelain is conspicuous by its virtual absence, even though the few pieces which the museum possesses are of high quality. ‘The blue and white porcelain of the Kangxi Period (1662-1722), usually represented in abundance in Dutch museums, is relatively rare here. By contrast, the polychrome Kangxi is more richly in evi dence here than is usual in Holland, especially familie verte pieces. In the eighteenth century once again the ‘ordinary VOC selection is present in modest quantities, while there is a large and surprisingly assorted collection of Chine de Commande to admire. It is the same story in the Japanese collection: The usual blue and white and Imari is scarce, but there is a relatively large number of special pieces’, according to Jörg.

Oriental

porcelain collection

Interim Director: Dr J.R.Termolen Head Curator o f Applied Arts: D.U. Kuyken

Museum B oy m a ns-van B eun in g en M athenesserlaan 18-20 3 0 IS CK. ROTTERDAM Tel: +31-10-4419400 Fax: +31-10-436-500

O p e n in g s h o u r s Tuesday / Saturday: 10am - 5pm Sunday: I la m - 5pm

which is a well-kept secret

Closed on Monday

S u p p l e m e n t • i i a s n e w s l e t t e r TsE 6 • 1 3

Museum for Ethnology

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Collection assembled

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missionaries

ast century the Dutch Missionary Society

(Indonesia, New Guinea) made a large permanent loan which later became the property of the Museum for Ethnology in Rotterdam. It is this par ticular part of the collection, assembled by mis sionaries between 1830 and 1883, that is exceptional because it contains so many items used by people in their everyday lives for eating, going about their daily business, and expressing their belief in higher powers. The curator Mrs. Veldhuisen-Djajasoebrata even claims that: ‘Countless Dutch exhibitions about Indonesia would never have been possible without artefacts from this collection.’ JÊ

19th

century batik clothes

It was in the second half of last century that interest in the Nether lands began to grow in that country s colonies. This interest and the emergence of the science of anthropology led to the founding of a new sort of museum. The Leiden Museum for Ethnology was found ed, followed by the Colonial Museum in Haarlem which was absorbed into the Amsterdam Colonial Museum, now the Tropenmu seum (Tropical Museum), in 1910. On 1st May 1885 Rotterdam also got its own museum. At that time there was no money to buy objects. The first director was supported by a Supervisory Commission, whose members were drawn from among the more prominent citizens of Rotterdam. They busily set to work to encourage Dutch consuls over seas and trading companies as well as private citizens in the overseas territories to collect all sorts of artefacts and to send these to the museum. Dr E. van Rijckevorsel in particular made very valuable presenta tions, including a collection of batik cloths (1872-1877) which enjoys a world-wide reputation. In 1986 the interior of the museum was renovated. Besides its exhibition areas, the museum possesses a museum theatre, a nonWestern restaurant, a mediatheque and a museum shop. The Museum considers music, dance, and theatre to be essential facets of culture. Modern audio-visual techniques now lend an extra dimension to the more static presentation of the exhibits. The museum also wants to bring to life the changes which nonWestern cultures are now undergoing. It is museum policy to buy recently produced objects on a regular basis as a way of registering these changes. The museum also pays particular attention to the geo graphical dispersion and reciprocal interaction of the many world cultures over the globe, to which the many nationalities in Rotter dam bear witness.

ROTTERDAM

The Malay Cultural Area

From the exhibition Power a n d G o ld . S taff Director:

H. Reedijk, M.A. Curator Indonesia, specialized in Javanese textiles:

A.Veldhuisen-Djajasoebrata, M.A. M u s eu m v o o r V o lken ku nd e W illemskade 25 3016 DM ROTTERDAM Tel:+31-10-411 1055 Fax: +31-10-4118331 O p e n in g h o u r s Tuesday

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• Supplement

Ethnological M useum Rotterdam.

The image of distant, exotic cultures, which dominated the Dutch public at the time the museum was established, has gradually been overtaken by that of the problems of the Third World. Without wish ing to ignore economic relationships and social problems, the Museum for Ethnology aims first and foremost to be a place where people can learn about the important contributions that these many cultures have made to the history of mankind. In striving to achieve this goal, the museum has concentrated the information on the collection covering the Malay Cultural Area, because the other sections are closed. The closed areas which cover Asia are: China as well as India and Tibet. The collection from the Malay Cultural Area contains artefacts from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Of these, the Indone sia collection is far and away the largest, concentrating especially on giving an idea of how people live in Indonesia. The total collection consists of art, crafts, and everyday utensils, as well as 20,000 photos, of which the bulk date from the end of last century. Power and Gold is the title of the exhibition which will be held in the museum from 16th December 1995 to 19th May 1996. Its focus will be jewellery from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In 1996 it will be followed by a new exhibition of remarkable objects from among other collections those from Indonesia and Oceania.

Stcyl Mission Museum

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A museum a museum Jb B k

wooden bench from Ghana, stuffed snakes Togo, a statue o f Buddha from

China - all these are on display in the Steyl Mission Museum in Lim burg. Nowadays it is something o f a rarity that ethnographic arte facts and natural history specimens displayed side by side in one museum. Each discipline begins w ith a completely different set o f premises. Be that as it may, in the Mission Museum both collections have been kept together and have not been split up into different museums. Scientific presentation does not have pride o f place here. The most im portant goal is that the museum says something about the countries, people, and cultures in which and among whom the Roman Catholic missionaries from Steyl work. The museum came into being in the eighties o f last century, set up to house the artefacts which had been brought back by missionar ies o f the Congregation o f the Divine Word (SVD). In 1931 the collection was moved to a new museum. While other Dutch museums were subjected to reorganizations in the post-1945 period, reflecting a new way o f th in kin g that laid the emphasis on small sections o f the collections w ith the rest being banished into depots, this trend passed Steyl by. The past was preserved and the ways in which the artefacts are exhibited did not change. The display cases are crammed so fu ll it makes it extremely d iffic u lt to estimate the value o f the various artefacts. The Mission Museum is now a

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New Guinea collection

Most o f the 5000 artefacts are o f Asian origin. There is a heavy empha sis on Japan, China, and Indonesia, and a lesser representation from the Philippines. The artefacts range from Buddhas and ancestor sh ri nes to articles o f everyday use like carrying bags and spoons. The New Guinea collection enjoys international recognition and now more than h a lfo fit has been catalogued by six students from the University o f Nijmegen, and the museum has ties w ith other Dutch universities as well. In the 1950s the museum attracted at least 70,000 visitors a year, often people who also paid a visit to the nearby monastery. Now, in the wake o f secularization, this number has dwindled to some 30,000. The sort o f people who come to Steyl want to see interesting things from other countries. This is why the main to urist attraction is the stuffed Russian bear which creates great h ila rity among the visitors amused by the gestures he makes activated by a b u ilt-in mechanism.

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From the photo-exhibition: The M angyanen o f Mindoro, The Philippines.

U n til 29th October 1995 there is a photographic exhibition about the Mangyanen o f M indoro in the Steyl Museum. For two years, the young missionary priest, Father Roland Scheid, lived among the Mangyanen, the original inhabitants o f M indoro, one o f the many islands which make up the Philippines. This group is one o f the indigenous peoples whose very existence is now threatened by the expansionist urges o f others.

S ta ff Curator:

Ms G.M. Coppes M iss ie m u s e u m S te y l

St. Michaelstraat 7 5935 BL STEYL-TEGELEN Tel: +31-77-3768294

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21 March I O ctober: Monday / Saturday: I am - 5pm Sunday: I pm - 5pm

November / 20 March: Tuesday / Sunday: I pm - 5pm

Closed on Monday

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N 96 • 1 5

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Contemporary arts and craft JromTanimbar [30 Sept. 1995 - 25 Feb. 1996). Collection MHM.

he Moluccan Historical M useum was opened in November 1990 as a centre for Moluccan history and culture. The aim of the museum is promote knowledge about the history and culture of the Moluccas and of the Moluccan community in the Netherlands.

The permanent exhibition features the life history of Moluccan sol diers from the former Netherlands Indies colonial army (KNIL) who were transferred to the Netherlands with their families in 1951. A lot of the emphasis in the exhibition is placed on the decolonization of Indonesia and its effects on groups like the Moluccans. Each year the museum organizes two temporary exhibitions, which deal alternate ly with themes in the fields of Moluccan history, culture, or art. The museum also houses a library and an archive.

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Staff Directors:

H. Smeets, M.A. and W. Manuhuttj, M.A. Librarian:

Ms E. Hitipeuw-Palyama Moluks H isto ris c h M useu m Kruisstraat 3 13 Postbus 13379 3507 LJ UTRECHT Tel: +31-30-23671 (6 Fax:+31-30-2328967 O p e n in g s h o u r s Tuesday

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1 6 • IIAS

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T426 • Supplement

Transition zone between Asia and the Pacific

Research centre The Moluccan Historical Museum supports and promotes research on Moluccan history by organizing seminars and by the publication of a series of studies about Moluccan history and publications relat ing to exhibitions, as well as videos. The members of staff have pub lished several works on Moluccan history and on other topics con cerning the Moluccan community in the Netherlands. The museum collection consists mainly of military attributes and reminders of the period in which the Moluccans were accommodated in temporary housing in the Netherlands, the so-called woonoorden (dwelling places). The photographs of the Moluccas in the early part of the 20th cen tury are an important part of the collection. Both the library and the archive are accessible to researchers who meet certain requirements. The Moluccan Historical Museum is a relatively young museum. The development of its study centre is proceeding apace. When the study centre cannot answer questions, it also directs the inquirer on to more specialized institutions. In 1990 an international conference about the Moluccas was orga nized for the first time in Honolulu on Hawai’i. This ‘Moluccan Research Conference’ has taken place again on Hawai’i in 1992 and in 1994 on Ambon. All kinds of scientists ranging from anthropologists, historians, and legal sociologists are showing a mounting interest in the Moluc cas because this group of islands -consisting of more than 1000 islands large and small- represents a fascinating transition zone between Asia and the Pacific. The Moluccan Historical Museum is not an ethnological museum, but is primarily a historical museum telling the story of the Moluccan soldiers who were transported from Indonesia to the Netherlands in 1951. As mentioned earlier, the museum covers three areas -history, culture, and art- in its temporary exhibitions. In September 1995 there will be an exhibition of carving ad weav ing from the Southeast Moluccas. Next year will see an exhibition about art and the various religions observed in the Moluccan com munity.